<p>Lixouri  is the main town on the peninsula of Paliki in the island of Kefalonia, one of the Ionian Islands of western Greece. Lixouri is the second largest community in Kefalonia after Argostoli and before Sami and is the capital of the small peninsula. It is located south of Fiskardo, west of Argostoli.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was founded when citizens of Pale/Pali found a new location for a town. The old city was abandoned completely by the 16th century. The oldest document which contains the name "Lixouri" was sent in 1534 by local authorities to the Senate of Venice. In the 19th century Lixouri was a popular tourist destination; Richard Strauss visited the town. Many houses were destroyed in the earthquakes on January 23, 1867 and in August 1953. In the early 1950s the Royal Family of Greece sent their children for summer holidays to Lixouri. In the 1990s Lixouri became again a popular tourist destination and some larger hotels were built south of the town near the beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Lixouri is the home town of the poet and satirical author Andreas Laskaratos, who wrote about the life in his home town. Kay Cicellis book "Death of a Town" (1954) begins in Lixouri and describes the time of the earthquake. In 1720 Petros Katsaitis, who lived in Lixouri, wrote his play "Iphigenia&quot Spyros Evangelatos edition of the play in 1995 retitled it "Iphigenia in Lixouri". Ilka Chase in "The Varied Airs of Spring" (1969) and Georges Haldas in "A la recherche du rameau dor" (1976) wrote also about the town.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Lixouri has a few schools and few lyceums or middle schools, a few gymnasia or high schools and a college. The public library is located at the Iakovateios building. On the Lixouri campus of the Technological Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands two faculties are established: business administration and acoustics.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003 Lixouri also has a theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Lixouri has a small port with a ferry line with services to Argostoli (in the season every 1 or 1/2 hour) that is used for vehicles under 5 tons. Other services are in summer to Patras and Killini on the mainland. The KTEL bus service has a station in Lixouri and offers routes ending in Patras and Athens (via the port of Sami). Some Hotels offer own bus services e.g. from Lixouri to the XI-Beach and Kounopetra. One bus line is driving twice a day through all villages of the peninsula Paliki but it is not very often used.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The administrative subdivisions (the bold) and settlements of Lixouri ("Dimos Palikis) since 1997:</p><br>
<p>Matzavinata contains also the settlement Kounopetra and the island Vardiani and had with them the official name "Katogi".</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Georgios Bonanos (1863–1940), sculptor</p><br>
<p>Antiochos Evangelatos (1903–1981), Greek composer and conductor</p><br>
<p>Marinos Geroulanos (1867–1960), surgeon</p><br>
<p>Andreas Laskaratos (1811–1901), poet</p><br>
<p>Elias Meniates (1669–1714), scholar and bishop</p><br>
<p>Spyridon Marinatos (1901–1974) leading Greek archaeologist</p><br>
<p>Dionysios Zakythinos (1905–1993), leading Greek Byzantinist</p><br>
<p>Oguta Lake is a lean finger lake formed by the damming of the lower Njaba River with alluvium. It is the largest natural lake in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria; within the equatorial rainforest region of Niger Delta. Oguta Lake&#39;s catchment area comprises the drainage area of the Njaba River and a part of the River Niger floodplain in the region south of Onitsha.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake is situated in Oguta about thirty miles (48.27 km) from the junction of the Ndoni and Orashi River.It is a fine piece of water, being about five miles (8.05 km) long from east to west and a mile and half (2.41 km) wide. The stream from Njaba River is the major inflow to Oguta Lake. The other 3 tributaries are Awbana, Utu and Orashi. The Orashi River flows past Oguta Lake in its southwestern portion.</p><br>
<h2>Economic Importance</h2><br>
<p>The lake is important to the people of oil-rich Njaba River basin including Oguta, Orsu, Mgbidi, Nkwesi, Osemotor, Awo-Omamma and Izombe as a source of water, fish, tourism and an outlet for sewerage. Uhamiri is the goddess of the Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Trade Route</h2><br>
<p>The river route Njaba and Orashi via Oguta Lake to the coast, passing through Awo-omamma, Mgbidi, Oguta, Ndoni, Abonnema, made Oguta, Osemotor, Awo-omamma and surrounding towns important commercial centres of international trade mainly for oil palm. Oguta Lake also served as a Biafran army marine base during the Nigerian Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Theurrer-Wrigley House, also known as the Wrigley Mansion, is a historic building located in the Lincoln Park area of Chicago, United States. The Italian Renaissance-style mansion was commissioned by Joseph Theurer, owner of the Schoenhofen Brewing Company, and purchased in 1911 by Chicagos Wrigley family. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the house was built in 1896 by Richard Schmidt and, possibly, Hugh M.G. Garden, two architects later prominent in the prairie school movement. A four-story home with three-story coach house, both built on a grand scale and in a late-Italian Renaissance style, the Theuer-Wrigley House is one of Chicagos most stunning homes.</p><br>
<p>The house itself covers over 15,000 square feet, including eight bedrooms, a conservatory and a ballroom. A three story coach house has additional bedrooms. In 1984 the house had sat empty for several decades and a plan was made to make it the official residence of the mayor of Chicago, though the plan was never realized.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main house comprises 11 bedrooms and more than 6 baths. It includes among other features: a marble entrance before magnificent mosaic work; grand cherry staircase; elevated ballroom with bandstand and walk-in cedar coatroom; wine-bar with cellars; a walk-in safe used during prohibition to store various alcohols; atrium; Baroque ornamentation on the ceilings and walls; rich hardwood floors; and a full driveway circling the main building providing access to the coach house. The house also stored several exceptional stained glass windows by Louis Tiffany. One of the windows is prominently on display in the Chicago History Museum. The house has been ornamented with various exotic woods ranging from mahogany and cherry to gorgeous bird&#39;s eye maple.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is of ornate baroque terra cotta almost unparalleled in Chicago; it is suspected of having been the early work of the Northwestern Terra Cotta Co., and may have helped launch the company to some acclaim as it grew to its national presence. The company was later responsible in 1920 for the terra cotta exterior of the Wrigley Building of Chicago, the ornamenture for which that building is justly famous. Having purchased the Wrigley-Theurer Mansion in 1911 and commissioned the Wrigley Building in 1920, the influence of the beauty of the former on William Wrigley Jr.&#39;s commission of the latter stands as an interesting footnote to history.</p><br>
<h2>In recent years</h2><br>
<p>The Wrigley Family left the residence vacant in the years during and after the Great Depression, a period during which such mansions became targets for kidnapping and robbery, as in the cases of the Lindbergh child, George Weyerhauser, William Hamm, and numerous others.</p><br>
<p>Originally furnished with nearly all Tiffany light fixtures, many of these were sold off at estate sales throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, or moved by the owners to other residences.</p><br>
<p>The house remained vacant or under relatively poor custodianship for many years and, though still in excellent condition, requires both care and repair. The house sold for $11,000,000 in 2004 and received attention from and online sites. In early 2017, the home came onto the market via a foreclosure. The home is still for sale at the price of $5,500,000.</p><br>
<p>Melid  was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains. It has been identified with modern archaeological site Arslantepe near Malatya, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site has been inhabited since the development of agriculture in the fertile crescent dating to the Uruk period. Around 3000 BCE, there was widespread burning and destruction, after which Kura-Araxes culture pottery appeared in the area. This was a mainly pastoralist culture connected with Caucasus mountains.</p><br>
<p>Numerous similarities have been found between these early layers at Arslantepe, and the somewhat later site of Birecik (Birecik Dam Cemetery), also in Turkey, to the southwest of Melid.</p><br>
<p>Schmidt-Schultz Tyedje, Schultz Michael, Sadori Laura, Palmieri A., Morbidelli Paola, Hauptmann Andreas, Di Nocera Gian Maria, Frangipane Marcella, Paléorient, 2001, vol. 27, n°2. pp. 105-139</p><br>
<p>From the Bronze Age the site became an administrative center of a larger region in the kingdom of Isuwa. The city was heavily fortified, probably due to the Hittite threat from the west. The Hittites conquered the city in the fourteenth century BC. In the mid 14th century BC, Melid was the base of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I on his campaign to sack the Mitanni capital Wassukanni.</p><br>
<p>After the end of the Hittite empire, from the 12th to 7th century BC, the city became the center of an independent Luwian Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu. A palace was built and monumental stone sculptures of lions and the ruler erected.</p><br>
<p>The encounter with the Assyrian king of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115-1077 BC) resulted in the kingdom of Melid being forced to pay tribute to Assyria. Melid remained able to prosper until the Assyrian king Sargon II (722-705 BC) sacked the city in 712 BC. At the same time, the Cimmerians and Scythians invaded Anatolia and the city declined.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Arslantepe was first investigated by the French archaeologist Louis Delaporte from 1932</p><br>
<p>to 1939.</p><br>
<p>From 1946 to 1951 Claude F.A. Schaeffer carried out some soundings.</p><br>
<p>The first Italian excavations at the site of Arslantepe started in 1961, and were conducted under the direction of Professors Piero Meriggi and Salvatore M. Puglisi until 1968.</p><br>
<p>The choice of the site was initially due to their desire of investigating the Neo-Hittite phases of occupation at the site, period in which Malatya was the capital of one of the most important reigns born after the destruction of the Hittite Empire in its most eastern borders. Majestic remains of this period were known from Arslantepe since the 30s, brought to light by a French expedition. The Hittitologist Meriggi only took part of the first few campaigns and later left the direction to Puglisi, a palaeoethnologist, who expanded and regularly conducted yearly investigations under regular permit from the Turkish government. Alba Palmieri took over the supervision of the excavation during the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Today the archaeological investigation is led by Marcella Frangipane.</p><br>
<p>Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, pp 185-186</p><br>
<h2>Early swords</h2><br>
<p>The first swords were claimed for the Early Bronze Age (c. 33rd to 31st centuries), based on finds at Arslantepe by Marcella Frangipane of Rome University. A cache of nine swords and daggers was found; they are composed of arsenic-copper alloy. Among them, three swords were beautifully inlaid with silver.</p><br>
<p>These are the weapons of a total length of 45 to 60 cm which could be described as either short swords or long daggers.</p><br>
<p>These discoveries were made back in the 1980s. They belong to the local phase VI A. Also, 12 spearheads were found.</p><br>
<p>Phase VI A at Arslantepe ended in destruction - the city was burned. And later on, some new occupants also left some bronze weapons, including swords. They were found in the rich tomb of "Signori Arslantepe" or "Signor Arslantepe", as he was called by archaeologists. He was about 40 years old, and the tomb is radiocarbon dated to 3081-2897 (95% probabiity).</p><br>
<p>Bradleys Country Store Complex is located 12 mi north of Tallahassee, Florida, United States on Centerville Road  in the community of Felkel, Florida. Bradleys Country Store complex has 17 buildings, most frame vernacular, on 31 acre of land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, Mrs. Bradley began selling sausage from her kitchen to the local community. The store was constructed in 1927 and served the people of the surrounding area of Felkel and Miccosukee. In 1915 a cane press and syrup furnace was constructed followed a few years later by a syrup house to store the bottled cane syrup. In 1922 a commissary was built, and later on a grist mill, smokehouse, and sausage processing plant were constructed. Bradleys Country Milled Grits were first produced in the 1920s. Today, the small store has become a legend in its time. Customers can truly experience food shopping as it was in the early part of the 20th century. In April 1984, Bradleys Country Store was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>Bradley’s carries a variety of dry and canned foods, items for everyday needs, but also produces their own foods such as Bradley&#39;s Country Sausage, cracklings, liver pudding, hogshead cheese, and coarse ground country milled grits, corn meal, and cane syrup.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Tallahassee Trade Fair held on Presidents Day weekend is an 18th-century encampment reenactment which gathers around Bradleys pond utilizing 18th-century way of life and showcasing period costumes. The fair features clothing, foods, crafts, and demonstrations.</p><br>
<p>Bradley&#39;s Country Fun Day is held annually on the Saturday before Thanksgiving.</p><br>
<p>The Batura Muztagh  mountains are a sub-range of the Karakoram mountain range. They are located in Gojal valley in the Hunza district of the Gilgit-Baltistan province in northern Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>They are the westernmost sub-range of the Karakoram, running from Chalt village in Bar Valley in the east to Kampir Dior in the Kurumbar Valley in the west, and they separate the Hindu Raj range from the Karakoram range. The Muchu Chhish peak located in this sub-range remains the second highest unclimbed peak in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Selected peaks in the Batura Muztagh</h2><br>
<h2>Books, pamphlets, and maps about Batura Muztagh</h2><br>
<p>High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks by Jill Neate,</p><br>
<p>Batura Mustagh (sketch map and pamphlet) by Jerzy Wala, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram by Jerzy Wala, 1990. Published by the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Grange National Memorial, also known as The Grange or the Hamilton Grange Mansion, is a National Park Service site in St. Nicholas Park, Manhattan, New York City, that preserves the relocated home of USA Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. The mansion holds a restoration of the interior rooms and an interactive exhibit on the newly constructed ground floor for visitors. The Hamilton Heights subsection of Harlem derived its name from Hamilton&#39;s 32 acre estate there.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton was born and raised in the West Indies and came to New York in 1772 at age 17 to study at King&#39;s College (now Columbia University). During his career, Hamilton was a military officer, lawyer, member of the United States Constitutional Convention, American political philosopher, war hero, initiator and author of the majority of the pivotal and influential The Federalist Papers, and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton commissioned architect John McComb Jr. to design a country home on Hamiltons 32 acre estate in upper Manhattan. The two-story frame Federal style house was completed in 1802, just two years before Hamiltons death resulting from his duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804. The house was named "The Grange" after Hamiltons grandfathers estate in Scotland. The Grange was the only home ever owned by Hamilton and it remained in his family for 30 years after his death. The Grange might have also been Hamilton’s rivalrous answer to Jefferson&#39;s Monticello.</p><br>
<h2>First relocation</h2><br>
<p>By 1889, much of the congregation of St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church in Greenwich Village had moved uptown. The Grange was in foreclosure and had been condemned for destruction in order to allow for the implementation of the Manhattan street grid, then just reaching that area of Harlem. The church acquired the house and moved it a half-block east and about two blocks south, conforming to the new street pattern, to what became 287 Convent Avenue. The original porches and other features were removed for the move. The staircase was removed and retrofitted to accommodate a makeshift entrance on the side of the house that faced the street, and the original grand federal style entrance was boarded up.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s used the house for services and subsequently erected a Richardsonian Romanesque building on the site between 1892 and 1895 that wrapped around the house slightly, thus when a six-story apartment building was built c. 1910 flush on the opposite side it was tightly enclosed and many of its features hidden. The American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society bought the Grange and turned it into a public museum in 1924. Furniture and decorative objects associated with the Hamilton family were displayed.</p><br>
<p>The Grange was designated a National Historic Landmark in December 1960. The private National Park Foundation purchased the house and property and transferred it to the National Park Service. Congress authorized the National Memorial on April 27, 1962, requiring that it be relocated and then the house restored to appear as Hamilton knew it in 1802–1804, which is considered its period of historic significance. It was at the time determined that the claustrophobic Convent Avenue setting was inappropriate and that the country house should be viewed as freestanding building. However, the house was not relocated earlier because of overwhelming local opposition to options offered that required moving it out of the neighborhood. The Grange was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Second relocation</h2><br>
<p>On May 9, 2006, the Hamilton Grange Memorial was closed to the public to allow for extensive architectural and structural investigations as part of a long term plan to move the house to nearby St. Nicholas Park. The park location was judged a more appropriate setting for display that would permit restoration of features lost in the 1889 move. The new location would also keep the house in the neighborhood and keep it on land that was within the boundary of Hamilton&#39;s original 32 acre estate.</p><br>
<p>Work in St. Nicholas Park for tree removal and foundation construction began in February 2008. The actual move of the Grange began with elevation of the building in one piece over the loggia of St. Lukes Church and onto Convent Avenue. The Grange was placed on specially-built stilts that held the entire house approximately ten feet off the ground in the middle of Convent Avenue, between West 141st and 142nd Streets while traffic was routed around the house. The house completed its 500-foot journey on June 7, 2008 by being rolled one block south on Convent Avenue and then one block east on 141st Street (down a 6% grade) to the new St. Nicholas Park location. The six-hour event was a popular neighborhood attraction covered extensively in the press. The house was secured to its new foundation, original porches were rebuilt and the original main entrance doorway and main staircase within the entry foyer were restored. Landscaping around the Granges new home includes among the tree plantings 13 sweet gum trees as were originally planted by Hamilton in honor of the original thirteen states, a stone wall, a circular garden planted in front to Hamilton&#39;s own specifications, and paths.</p><br>
<p>The Grange re-opened to the general public on September 17, 2011. A ceremony was held with Hamilton descendants in attendance and tours of the restored interiors took place through the day. In the renovated house, a visitors center is located in the entirely newly constructed ground floor, where the kitchen, laundry and servants rooms would have been. The Grange now has a security detail and possible video monitoring during the evening hours. At its new location, it is next to the City College of the City University of New York campus.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Hamilton House is a historic home located at 45 East Main Street in Waynesboro, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is now operated as the Alexander Hamilton Memorial Free Library. The house and library are named for Alexander Hamilton, a local Waynesboro land speculator and wagon maker who owned the house. It remained in his family for a century. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 27, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Built around 1816 by John Bittinger, the two-story, five-bay Georgian-style, 16-room brick house has dual fireplace chimneys. It was purchased by Waynesboro’s Alexander Hamilton in 1842. The house remained in the family until the 1943 death of Hamilton’s granddaughter, Jane Stover Yost. She bequeathed the property to the Borough of Waynesboro for the town’s first permanent public library.</p><br>
<p>The McCleary house, once located on the east side of the library, was demolished to make way for a library wing added in 1987. The back yard contains a summer kitchen from the Hamilton era. It also has some old gristmill grinding stones donated by Sammy Stoner. The brick courtyard and flower gardens are open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Kenosee Lake is a lake in south east Saskatchewan, Canada. The lake lies in Moose Mountain Provincial Park. The lake is a resort for many people from south east Saskatchewan including Regina. The Village of Kenosee Lake consists mainly of cabins and businesses. The year round population of the Village of Kenosee Lake is 324, but the town swells to a few thousand in the summer when all the cabins are occupied. This lake is known for many types of recreation available. A golf course sits north of the lake.</p><br>
<p>A waterslide park known as Kenosee Superslides is east of the lake. The town of Kenosee lake consists of several bars, night clubs, and retail operations. Located within the adjacent Moose Mountain Provincial Park is a hotel, minigolf, and convenience store. Camping at Fish Creek camp ground on May long weekend has been a popular retreat for many people from southern Saskatchewan.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Fish species include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, burbot and white sucker.</p><br>
<p>Apamea , on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city. It was the capital of Apamene under the Macedonians, became the capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric of late Roman province Syria Secunda, again in the crusader time and since the 20th century a quadruple Catholic titular see.</p><br>
<p>Amongst the impressive ancient remains, the site includes the Great Colonnade which ran for nearly 2 km making it among the longest in the Roman world and the Roman Theatre, one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000.</p><br>
<p>The site is about 55 km to the northwest of Hama, Syria, overlooking the Ghab valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great and the subsequent wars between his generals, Apamea fell under the command of the former Macedonian general Seleucus from about 312 BC. From about 300 BC Apamea was fortified and established as a city by Seleucus who named it after his Bactrian wife, Apama daughter of the Sogdian warlord Spitamenes (not his mother, as Stephanus asserts; compare Strabo, p. 578). The site was enclosed in a loop of the Orontes which, with the lake and marshes, gave it a peninsular form whence its other name of Cherronêsos. It was located at a strategic crossroads for Eastern commerce and became one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis. Seleucus also made it a military base with 500 elephants, and an equestrian stud with 30,000 mares and 300 stallions.</p><br>
<p>After 142 BC, the pretender Diodotus Tryphon made Apamea the base of his operations.</p><br>
<p>Q. Aemilius Secundus did a population survey in AD 6, in which he counted "117,000 hom(ines) civ(ium)" – a figure that has been interpreted as giving a total population of either 130,000 or 500,000, depending on methods used.</p><br>
<p>In 64 BC Pompey marched south from his winter quarters probably at or near Antioch and razed the fortress of Apamea when the city was annexed to the Roman Republic. In the revolt of Syria under Q. Caecilius Bassus, it held out against Julius Caesar for three years till the arrival of Cassius in 46 BC. (Dion. Cass. xlvii. 26&ndash;28; Joseph. Bel. Jud. i. 10. § 10.) On the outbreak of the Jewish War, the inhabitants of Apamea spared the Jews who lived in their midst and would not suffer them to be murdered or led into captivity (Josephus, Bell. Jud. ii. 18, § 5).</p><br>
<p>Much of Apamea was destroyed in the 115 AD earthquake, but was subsequently rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>From 218 until 234 AD the legion II Parthica was stationed in Apamea, when it abandoned support of the usurper Macrinus to the emperor and sided with Elagabalus&#39; rise to the purple who then defeated Macrinus in the Battle of Antioch.</p><br>
<p>Destroyed by Chosroes I in the 6th century, it was partially rebuilt and known in Arabic as Famia or Fâmieh, and destroyed by an earthquake in 1152. In the Crusades it was still a flourishing and important place and was occupied by Tancred. (Wilken, Gesch. der Ks. vol. ii. p. 474; Abulfeda, Tab. Syr. pp. 114, 157.)</p><br>
<p>Both the Jerusalem Targumim considered the city of Shepham (Num. xxxiv. 11) to be identical with Apamea. Since Apamea virtually belonged to Rabbinic Palestine, the first-fruits brought by Ariston from that town were accepted for sacrifice in Jerusalem (Mishnah H&#803;al. iv. 11).</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>Many remains of the ancient acropolis are still standing, consisting probably of the remains of the temples of a highly ornamental character and of which Sozomen speaks (vii. 15); it is now enclosed in ancient castle walls called Kalat el-Mudik (Kŭlat el-Mudîk); the remainder of the ancient city is to be found in the plain.</p><br>
<p>The most significant collection of objects from the site, including many significant architectonic and artistic objects, that can be seen outside of Syria are in Brussels at the Cinquantenaire Museum.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the recent civil war in Syria, the ancient city has been damaged and looted by treasure hunters. In April 2017, Al-Masdar News published satellite photographs revealing the site was covered in hundreds of holes dug by treasure hunters seeking ancient artifacts.</p><br>
<h3>Great Colonnade</h3><br>
<p>The Great Colonnade was situated along the main avenue of Apamea and ran for nearly 2 km, making it among the longest in the Roman world. It was rebuilt after the original, dating from the Seleucid Empire, was devastated along with the rest of Apamea in the 115 AD earthquake. Reconstruction started immediately and over the course of the second century the city was completely rebuilt, starting with the Great Colonnade. The colonnade was aligned along the north-south axis, making up the citys "cardo maximus". Starting at the citys north gate, the colonnade ran in an uninterrupted straight line to the south gate. The northern third of the colonnades stretch is marked by a monumental votive column that stood opposite the baths. The colonnade passed through the centre of the city and several important buildings were clustered around it, including the baths, the agora, the Temple of Tyche, the nymphaeum, the rotunda, the atrium church and the basilica. On either side of the street a 6.15 m wide colonnade ran its full length. The columns were 9 m high and 0.9 m in diameter. They stood on square bases of 1.24 m on a side and 0.47 m high. The columns display two main designs: plain and distinctive spiral-flutes. Archaeologist Jean Lassus argues that the former dates back to the Trajanic period, while the latter to that of Antoninus Pius. The colonnades porticoes were paved with extensive mosaics along the full stretch of the colonnade.</p><br>
<p>Under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, several parts of the colonnade were restored. The street was narrowed to 12 m by adding a walkway on either side. Several stretches of the street had their Roman pavement replaced with a new pavement made of squared blocks of limestone. The new pavement also covered a completely overhauled drainage system. Justinian&#39;s changes included erecting a monumental tetrastylon made up of four 9 m high columns with a metre-high capitals. The city, was however, later sacked by the Sasanians under Adarmahan.</p><br>
<p>A reconstructed section of the colonnade be seen in the Brussels Cinquantenaire Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Roman theatre</h3><br>
<p>Originally built as a Hellenistic style theatre in the early Seleucid Empire, the theatre was expanded and remodelled in the early Roman period, when the main stage and entrances were reorganized in a more typical Roman fashion. The 115 Antioch earthquake caused severe damage to the structure. It was rebuilt soon-after under patronage from both Trajan and Hadrian. The theatre was further expanded in the first half of the third century CE. Under the Byzantine Empire the theatre&#39;s drainage basin was restructured and a "qanat" was built through the middle of the lower stage. By the late Byzantine period the theatre had stopped serving as a centre for theatrical performances. However, the theatre and its "qanat" continued to play an important role as a water resource during the Byzantine and Islamic periods. The theatre was built into a steep hill overlooking the Orontes River valley.</p><br>
<p>The theatre, along with the one at Ephesus, is one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000. The only other known theatre that is considerably larger was the Theatre of Pompey in Rome. and only one-eighth of the site has been exposed so far. One of the main features at the theatre is its water basin and the elaborate Roman piping system used in it. The recently excavated terracotta system is located along the eastern ground entrance and is well preserved.</p><br>
<h3>Great hunting mosaic</h3><br>
<p>This mosaic, now in the Cinquantenaire Museum, Brussels, was discovered in 1935 in the reception room of what was probably the palace of the Roman governor of the province of Syria Secunda. Its area is 120 m².</p><br>
<p>The great mosaic dates from 415-420 AD and is amongst the most prestigious of this type of composition. It is comparable technically and thematically with mosaics in the Palace of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, of the same period.</p><br>
<p>An inscription at the entrance states: "During the most beautiful Apellion, the triclinium was rebuilt in the month Gorpiaios, third indict, in the year 851" (September, 539 AD).</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>A 6th-century Notitia Episcopatuum shows that Apamea in Syria was the Metropolitan see, in the sway of Patriarchate of Antioch, for seven suffragan dioceses: Arethusa, Balanea, Epiphania in Syria, Larissa in Syria, Mariamme, Raphanea and Seleucobelus, until the 7th century Arab conquest ended both Byzantine rule and the archbishopric, while Jacobites established their own see under Muslim rule, with at least nine bishops, who are not counted in the apostolic succession.</p><br>
<p>It became a Latin archiepiscopal see again at the 13th century Crusades now under the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential archdiocese, it became listed by the Catholic Church as a fourfold titular see in the Latin and three Eastern Catholic rites (of Metropolitan rank except the merely episcopal Maronite see).</p><br>
<h3>Titular Latin see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored as a Latin Catholic Metropolitan titular archbishopric (the highest rank) in the 19th century as Apamea (until 1925 also called Haman/ Hamous), renamed Apamea in Syria / Apamen(us) in Syria (Latin adjective) in 1933.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Archiepiscopal rank :</p><br>
<p>Antonio Briganti (1882.10.02 – death 1906) as emeritate, previously Bishop of Orvieto (Italy) (1871.10.27 – 1882.10.02)</p><br>
<p>Paolo Pappalardo (Italian) (1948.08.07 – 1966.08.06) as papal diplomat: Apostolic Internuncio to Iran (1948.08.07 – 1953.03.19), Apostolic Internuncio to Syria (1953.03.19 – retired 1958)</p><br>
<p>Eris Norman Michael O’Brien (1966.11.20 – death 1974.02.28) as emeritate; formerly Titular Bishop of Alinda (1948.02.05 – 1951.01.11) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Sydney (Australia) (1948.02.05 – 1951.01.11), Titular Archbishop of Cyrrhus (1951.01.11 – 1953.11.16) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Canberra and Goulburn (Australia) (1951.01.11 – 1953.11.16) and succeeded as Archbishop of Canberra and Goulburn (1953.11.16 – 1966.11.20).</p><br>
<h3>Titular Maronite see</h3><br>
<p>Established in 1970 as Maronite Titular bishopric of Apamea in Syria (of the Maronites), of the lowest (Episcopal) rank.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents of both the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank and the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank :</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Ignace Abdo Khalifé, Jesuits (S.J.) (1970.03.20 – 1973.06.25) as Auxiliary Bishop of Antioch of the Maronites (Lebanon) (1970.03.20 – 1971) and as Patriarchal Vicar of Antioch of the Maronites (1971 – 1973.06.25), later Archbishop-Bishop of Saint Maron of Sydney of the Maronites (Australia) (1973.06.25 – retired 1990.11.23); died 1998</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Antoine Joubeir (1975.07.12 – 1977.08.04) as Auxiliary Bishop of Tripoli of the Maronites (Lebanon) (1975.07.12 – 1977.08.04), later succeeding as Archeparch (Archbishop) of Tripoli of the Maronites (1977.08.04 – retired 1993.07.02); died 1994</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop Paul-Emile Saadé (1986.05.02 – 1999.06.05) as Auxiliary Bishop of Antioch of the Maronites (Lebanon) (1986.05.02 – 1987)and as Patriarchal Vicar of Antioch of the Maronites (Lebanon) (1987 – 1995); later Eparch (Bishop) of Batroun of the Maronites (Lebanon) (1999.06.05 – retired 2012.01.16).</p><br>
<h3>Titular Melkite see</h3><br>
<p>Established in 1980 as Melkite Metropolitan Titular archbishopric of Apamea in Syria (of the Melkites).</p><br>
<p>It is vacant, having had a single incumbent :</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Jean Mansour, Society of Missionaries of Saint Paul (M.S.P.) (1980.08.19 – 2006.11.17)</p><br>
<h3>Titular Syrian see</h3><br>
<p>Established in 1920 as Syrian (Syriac) Titular Metropolitan Titular archbishopric of Apamea in Syria (of the Syrians).</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents of the Archiepiscopal (intermediary) rank :</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Clemente Micara (1920.05.07 – 1946.02.18) as papal diplomat: Apostolic Nuncio (ambassador) to Czechoslovakia (1920.05.07 – 1923.05.30), Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium (1923.05.30 – 1946.02.18), Apostolic Internuncio to Luxembourg (1923.05.30 – 1946.02.18), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria sopra Minerva (1946.02.22 – 1946.06.13), promoted Cardinal-Bishop of Velletri (1946.06.13 – 1965.03.11), also Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria sopra Minerva in commendam (1946.06.13 – 1965.03.11), Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Religious (1950.11.11 – 1953.01.17), Pro-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites (1950.11.11 – 1953.01.26), President of Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology (1951 – 1965.03.11), became Cardinal Vice-Dean of Sacred College of Cardinals (1951.01.13 – 1965.03.11), Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome (Italy) (1951.01.26 – 1965.03.11), Camerlengo of Sacred College of Cardinals (1960 – 1961), Apostolic Administrator of Ostia (Italy) (1962 – 1965.03.11)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Clément Ignace Mansourati (1963.07.06 – 1982.08.11).</p><br>
<p>The Holy Great Martyr Procopius (Procopius of Scythopolis) is related to Apamea: "on the way to Egypt, near the Syrian city of Apameia, Neanius had a vision of the Lord Jesus, just as once formerly had happened with Saul on the road to Damascus" (source: the life of the saint, at )</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Al-Muqtana (11th-century Ismāʿīlī Governor and a founder of the Druze Faith, the primary exponent of the Divine call and author of several of the Epistles of Wisdom.)</p><br>
<p>Archigenes (Greek physician)</p><br>
<p>Aristarchus of Thessalonica (bishop, one of the Seventy Apostles)</p><br>
<p>Evagrius Scholasticus (6th-century historian)</p><br>
<p>Iamblichus of Chalcis (Neo-Platonist philosopher)</p><br>
<p>Junias (1st-century bishop)</p><br>
<p>Numenius of Apamea (2nd century philosopher)</p><br>
<p>Polychronius (bishop, and brother of Theodore of Mopsuestia)</p><br>
<p>Posidonius (Greek philosopher and author, 2nd-1st Century BCE)</p><br>
<p>Sextus Varius Marcellus (3d-century Roman Equestrian and later governor of Numidia. Husband of Julia Soaemias and father of Roman emperor Elagabalus)</p><br>
<p>Theodoret (5th-century bishop)</p><br>
<p>Lews Castle  is a Victorian era castle located west of the town of Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland. It was built in the years 1844-51 as a country house for Sir James Matheson who had bought the whole island a few years previously with his fortune from the Chinese Opium trade. It was designed by the Glasgow architect Charles Wilson.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the Lewis estate including the castle was bought by industrialist Lord Leverhulme from the Matheson family. He gave the castle to the people of Stornoway parish in 1923.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the Castle was taken over as accommodation for air and ground crew of 700 Naval Air Squadron, who operated a detachment of six Supermarine Walrus aircraft from a slipway at Cuddy Point in the Grounds. The base was referred to as HMS Mentor.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the Castle was also used for accommodation for students of Lews Castle College in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Today the building is owned by the local council, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, and is protected as a category A listed building. Lews Castle was awarded £4.6 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund, on 22 November 2011, to enable it to be converted into a bilingual museum and cultural centre. The main part of the Castle is now part of Natural Retreats.</p><br>
<p>The Van Wickle House, also known as the Symen Van Wickle House, is a historical house located at 1289 Easton Avenue in the Somerset section of Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was built in 1722 by Symen Van Wickle, also known as Symen Van Wicklin. The house, historically known as The Meadows, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Evert Van Wickle</h2><br>
<p>Evert Van Wickle was a carpenter from the Netherlands who emigrated to New Amersfoort, which is now Flatlands, Brooklyn, and married Elizabeth Van Liew. Around 1700, Evert purchased almost 800 acre of land on the Raritan River in Somerset. Evert had a son: Symen Van Wickle (c1700-1754) who married Geradina Couwenhoven (1705-?).</p><br>
<h2>Symen Van Wickle</h2><br>
<p>Symen built his home facing the Raritan River in 1722. The location was called the "upper fording place". Behind the house was the link between Middlebush, New Jersey and Raritan Landing, New Jersey called "Old Middlebush Road" (now DeMott Lane in Somerset). Evert and Geradina had the following children: Elsje Van Wickle (c1723-?); Evert Van Wickle (c. 1726-?); Nicholas Van Wickle (c. 1728-?); Mattje Van Wickle (c. 1730-?); Seytje Van Wicklin (1732-?); Anne Van Wickle (c. 1734-?); Dinah Van Wickle (1734-?); and Mary Van Wickle (c.1738-?).</p><br>
<h2>Delaware and Raritan Canal</h2><br>
<p>Around 1835, the Delaware and Raritan Canal was built between the Raritan River and the Van Wickle House.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1976 the house was put up for sale and was eyed by developers until a grassroots group of concerned citizens organized to protect the historic house. "The Meadows" was a name long associated with the house so this group took the name Meadows Foundation for the name of their organization. Through fundraising and a Green Acres grant they were able to acquire and preserve the house. The Meadows Foundation runs programming at the Van Wickle house such as their Candlelight Concert and Fireside Chats series as well as seasonal celebrations such as Sinterklaas (Dutch Santa) Festival and, in cooperation the Franklin Township Parks and Recreation Department, programs such as the Pumpkin Patch Halloween Celebration and the Bunny Jamboree. Nominal donations accepted at events help with maintenance and restoration costs.</p><br>
<h2>Temporary closure</h2><br>
<p>In late October 2014 the Meadows Foundation closed the Van Wickle House to the public, citing structural damage from flooding that had occurred during Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy. The organization added that it was “working diligently with county, state and federal agencies to save this historic structure with a complete restoration.” The grounds surrounding the house remain open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Island  is a small uninhabited island in the Solomon Islands that was named after John F. Kennedy, following an incident involving Kennedy during his World War II naval career. Kennedy Island lies 15 minutes by boat from Gizo, the provincial capital of the Solomon Islands&#39; Western Province.</p><br>
<h2>PT-109 incident</h2><br>
<p>The island is notable for its role in the story of PT-109, part of the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. In August 1943 it was to this island that the crew of the PT-109, commanded by then Lieutenant Kennedy, swam after their craft was rammed and wrecked by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Two American sailors died in the incident. Kennedy later had the crew swim to the larger Olasana Island.</p><br>
<p>A small shrine to Kennedy, built by Solomon Islander Eroni Kumana who aided in the rescue of the crew, stands on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The island remains uninhabited, but is a tourist attraction. In 2003 a race was held where participants re-enacted Kennedy&#39;s swim.</p><br>
<p>Previously a public area, it was acquired in 2004 at a cost of SI$7000 (US$950) by Joseph Douglas, an advisor to then Caretaker Premier of Western Province Clement Base.</p><br>
<p>Lake Plav  is a lake in Plav municipality, in northeastern Montenegro.</p><br>
<p>It is a glacial lake located between the Prokletije and Visitor mountain ranges at an altitude of 906 m above sea level, and extends north-south for some 2,160 m. Its average width is 920 m, and its maximum depth is nine meters.</p><br>
<p>It is the largest and most beautiful lake in Plav, and is also the best known tourist attraction in the area.</p><br>
<p>The area around the lake is ideal for trekking, hiking and mountain-biking and the lake itself is only one of a large number of mountain lakes that can be visited, whether it is for a quick swim or a relaxing picnic.</p><br>
<p>The whole Plav region nestles at the foot of the towering Prokletije mountain range and rests on the banks of Lake Plav. The lake itself stretches from north to south for nearly a mile.</p><br>
<p>The geology of Lake Plav and the surrounding lakes, streams and rock formations is very interesting. The lake itself is full of limestone caverns and there are many springs where water gushes forth from the earth.</p><br>
<p>Velký Lopeník  is the second highest mountain in White Carpathians, in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic, on border with Slovakia. Its elevation is 911 meters.</p><br>
<p>The area around the mountain, Moravian Kopanice (Moravské kopanice or Kopanice), was hilly region of primitive agriculture and small, scattered farms. Nearest villages are Lopeník, Březová (Czech Republic) and Nová Bošáca (in Slovakia).</p><br>
<p>Several view-towers has been built on the top of the mountain. The first built in 1944 caught fire in 1946, another one fell down in 1972. During 2004 - 2005 a new, 22 meters high wooden tower has been erected. It was placed directly on the border as a symbol of friendship among Czechs and Slovaks.</p><br>
<p>Due to insufficient tourist infrastructure the mountain and surrounding area is rather hard to access. However, this shortage makes the place preferred to those who avoid such amenities.</p><br>
<p>Old School Square is located in a historic area at 51 North Swinton Avenue in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. The 5-acre site is at the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Swinton Avenue, anchoring Delray&#39;s downtown shopping district. The campus includes restored early 20th century school buildings, formerly Delray Elementary and Delray High School, which were re-adapted as the Cornell Art Museum, Crest Theatre and Fieldhouse. The campus also includes the Pavilion in the center grounds, which is an outdoor entertainment stage with grass seating area, as well as the Old School Square Park just to the east. A City of Delray Beach parking garage is located adjacent to the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>The first construction on the site was the erection of Delray Elementary School in 1913, at the corner of Atlantic and Swinton Avenues. The school served grades 1–12. As the citys population grew, it became necessary for the school to grow, and Delray High School was constructed on the same site north of the original Delray Elementary in 1925. Eventually, the citys population grew to the point at which these two schools were no longer sufficient and plans were drawn to build a new high school north of town, which became first Seacrest High School, and then Atlantic High School after the racial integration in schools resulting from the civil rights movement. Delray High&#39;s last graduating class was the class of 1949. When the new school opened, Delray Elementary expanded to fill both buildings on the old campus.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>As time passed, the buildings of Delray Elementary increasingly fell into disrepair, and the Palm Beach County School Board abandoned the campus in the mid-1980s. A new elementary school opened in the western part of the city in 1988, S.D. Spady Elementary School. A group of concerned citizens, led by members of the Delray Beach Historical Society, started an initiative to preserve and restore the buildings of the former Delray Elementary and Delray High schools. They recognized the cultural value of preserving buildings that had been an integral part of the city&#39;s history. More importantly, they saw that the buildings possessed the potential to be transformed into a new cultural arts center for the area. Furthermore, the renovation of the site was seen as a spearhead for the reinvigoration of the whole downtown area- which at the time had barely a 30 percent occupancy rate.</p><br>
<h3>Rebirth</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, the 4 acre site was incorporated as Old School Square, Inc. Plans for renovation of the buildings commenced. In 1988, Delray Elementary was closed and the property was acquired by the city of Delray Beach. On March 10 of that year "Delray Beach Schools" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1990, the first phase of the project was complete, as the Cornell Museum of Art & American Culture opened in the original Delray Elementary School building. Furthermore, the exterior renovation of the high school building was completed. Three years later, in 1993, the Crest Theatre opened for its first season in the former high school auditorium, which had been converted and modernized into a modern professional venue for the performing arts. In 1998, renovation of the Crest Theatre was completed as the work on the classrooms was finished, and they were opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>As the first phase of a new 10 year master plan for expansion, an outdoor entertainment pavilion opened in 2002, complete with a concession building. Covered loggias enclose the grassy seating area.</p><br>
<h2>Cornell Art Museum at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Cornell Art Museum at Old School Square is located in the 1913 Delray Elementary School building and features 7 exhibition galleries and a Museum Store. Exhibits rotate every 4 months and focus on contemporary art by nationally and internationally recognized artists from around the USA The Museum also presents monthly "Art Walk" exhibits dedicated to showcasing South Florida artists.</p><br>
<h2>Crest Theatre at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Crest Theatre at Old School Square is located in the 1925 Delray High School building and presents professional performances including musical theatre, comedy, family shows and Broadway cabaret. The Crest lecture series features national speakers and a variety of topics.</p><br>
<h2>The Pavilion at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Pavilion at Old School Square which opened in 2002, presents outdoor concerts and special events and hosts all of Delray&#39;s major festivals.</p><br>
<p>The Rienz  is a river in South Tyrol, Italy. Its source is located at 2,180 m of altitude, in the Dolomites mountains, south of Toblach: near Toblach it enters in the Puster Valley, and, after 90 km, it meets the Eisack river in the city of Brixen, at 550 m of altitude.</p><br>
<p>The Rienz flows through the following municipalities (source to mouth): Toblach, Niederdorf, Welsberg-Taisten, Olang, Rasen-Antholz, Bruneck, St. Lorenzen, Kiens, Vintl, Mühlbach, Rodeneck and Brixen.</p><br>
<p>The most significant affluents are:</p><br>
<p>Ahr, forming the Ahrntal and responsible of 1/3 of the total discharge.</p><br>
<p>Antholzer Bach.</p><br>
<p>Gran Ega (Val Badia).</p><br>
<p>Gsieser Bach.</p><br>
<p>Pragser Bach.</p><br>
<p>Pfunderer Bach.</p><br>
<p>Wielenbach.</p><br>
<p>The maximum discharge of the Rienz is around 60 m³/s.</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams National Memorial is a landscaped urban park located on a common lot of the original settlement of Providence, Rhode Island, established by Roger Williams in 1636, bounded by North Main, Canal, and Smith Streets, and Park Row. The memorial commemorates the life of the co-founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and a champion of the ideal of religious freedom. Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his beliefs, and he founded this colony as a place where all could come to worship as their conscience dictated without interference from the state. This park is the 20th smallest national park in the nation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roger Williams National Memorial is a 4.5 acre park located near the eastern bank of the Moshassuck River, east of the Rhode Island State House and north of downtown Providence. It stands at the base of College Hill, a National Historic Landmark District that is the city&#39;s oldest and most historically significant area. It is separated from the river by Canal Street, and bounded on the other three sides by Smith Street, Park Row, and North Main Street. The southern portion of the park has a relatively open grassy area ringed by trees, while the northern portion is more landscaped, with the visitor center housed in the early 18th century Antram-Gray House at the northeast corner, and a parking area on the west side. Major features in the northern section include the Bernon Grove and the site of the spring which prompted Williams to select the site.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s visitor center features an exhibit and video about Roger Williams and the founding of Rhode Island, as well as information about historic sites in Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>The national memorial was authorized on October 22, 1965. The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The site was developed in the late 1970s after land acquisition was completed and the buildings on the land were demolished. It was the only unit of the National Park System in Rhode Island until 2014 when the Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park was designated as a National Park Service unit. (Touro Synagogue National Historic Site in Newport is an affiliated area of the National Park Service, but not formally part of the system.)</p><br>
<p>Roger Williams Park is an elaborately landscaped 427 acre city park in Providence, Rhode Island and is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is named after the founder of the city of Providence and one of the founders of the state of Rhode Island, Roger Williams.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was a gift to the people of Providence in 1871, in accordance with the will of Betsey Williams, the great-great-great-granddaughter, and last surviving descendant of the founder to own the land. It had been the family farm and represented the last of the original land grant to Roger Williams in 1638 from Canonicus, chief of the Narragansett tribe. The family farmhouse (built in 1773), known as the Betsey Williams Cottage, and the Williams family burial ground (including Betsey&#39;s grave) are still maintained within the park.</p><br>
<h3>2016-2017 renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2016-2017, the Rhode Island Foundation began a renovation effort in the park, as a celebration of the centennial anniversary of the foundation. The park&#39;s historic bandstand was the first to be renovated in December 2016. The renovations would expand to other park buildings and entrances.</p><br>
<p>In June 2017, as part of these renovations, a new traffic pattern was introduced in the park. The two-way traffic along Frederick Green Memorial Boulevard from Pine Hill Avenue to Park Avenue to the Montgomery Avenue Rotary was changed to one lane with one-way northbound automobile traffic, and a dedicated lane for bicycle and pedestrian traffic. The move was met by opposition by some Cranston residents, including Cranston mayor Allan Fung.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The park contains seven lakes which comprise approximately 98 acre. It is located in the southernmost part of the city of Providence bordering the city of Cranston. The park was designed by Horace Cleveland in 1878, and was constructed in the 1880s. Many of the roads, bridges and sidewalks were built by the Works Progress Administration from 1935 to 1940. Currently it contains the Roger Williams Park Zoo, the Roger Williams Park Museum of Natural History and Planetarium, the Roger Williams Park Botanical Center, the Japanese Gardens, the Victorian Rose Gardens, the Providence Police Department&#39;s Mounted Command center, the Dalrymple Boathouse and boat rentals, historical tours, a Carousel Village for children that includes the "Hasbro Boundless Playground" which is accessible for handicapped children, the Temple to Music, the Roger Williams Park Casino, large greenspaces, and many miles of walking paths.</p><br>
<p>In their 2000 annual report, the National Trust for Historic Preservation called Roger Williams Park one of the finest urban parks in the USA</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Adam Thoroughgood House is a brick house located at 1636 Parish Road, in the neighborhood of Thoroughgood, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States. It was at one time thought to have been built in 1636, but recent research has placed its construction ca. 1720. This restoration took longer and cost more than expected, but the house reopened in May 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Adam Thoroughgood</h2><br>
<p>Adam Thoroughgood (1604–1640), an indentured servant who arrived in Virginia in 1622, became a community leader, a member of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown, and was granted a headright of 5,350 acre in 1635.</p><br>
<p>Adam Thoroughgood was from King&#39;s Lynn, Norfolk, England, and the naming of many local features can be traced back to his childhood home, including the Lynnhaven River, the City of Norfolk, and Norfolk County and the City of South Norfolk (the last two of which combined to become the new City of Chesapeake in 1963).</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, as a prime example of early colonial architecture in Virginia. It was listed in the US National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby surviving early 18th-century house in Virginia Beach is the Adam Keeling House.</p><br>
<p>Kumbhakarna or Jannu  is the 32nd highest mountain in the world. It is an important western outlier of Kangchenjunga, the world&#39;s third highest peak. Kumbhakarna is a large and steep peak in its own right, and has numerous challenging climbing routes.</p><br>
<p>The official name of this peak is Kumbhakarna, but the designation Jannu is still better known. It is called Phoktanglungma, literally "mountain with shoulders" (phoktang means shoulder and lungma means mountain), in the Limbu language, and is sacred in the Kirant religion.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kumbhakarna is the highest peak of the Kumbhakarna Section of the Kangchenjunga Himal (using H. Adams Carter&#39;s classification), which straddles the border between Nepal and Sikkim, and lies entirely within Nepal. A long ridge connects it with Kangchenjunga to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Kumbhakarna is the 32nd highest mountain in the world</p><br>
<p>(using a cutoff of 500m prominence, or re-ascent).</p><br>
<p>It is more notable for its climbing challenge, and is one of the hardest peaks in the world in</p><br>
<p>terms of technical difficulty because of its complex structure, its vertical relief, and the particularly steep climbing near the summit. The north face, in particular, has been the scene of some of the most technical (and controversial) climbing achieved at altitudes over 7000m.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Kumbhakarna Jannu was first reconnoitered in 1957 by Guido Magnone, and first attempted in 1959 by a French team led by Jean Franco. It was first climbed in 1962 by a team led by the French alpinist Lionel Terray. Those reaching the summit were René Desmaison, Paul Keller, Robert Paragot and Gyalzen Mitchung Sherpa (April 27) and Lionel Terray, André Bertraud, Jean Bouvier, Pierre Leroux, Yves Pollet-Villard, Jean Ravier and Wangdi Sherpa (April 28).</p><br>
<p>Their route started from the Yamatari Glacier south of the peak and followed a circuitous route to the large plateau known as the Throne (a hanging glacier south of the summit), continuing to the summit via the southeast ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Huge, steep north face (the so-called "Wall of Shadows") was first climbed in 1976 by a Japanese team led by Masatsugu Konishi, by a route that starts on the left side of the face and then meets the east ridge, avoiding the steep headwall at the top of the face (though a New Zealand team had climbed the north face the previous year without proceeding to the summit). A Slovenian climber, Tomo Česen, claimed a solo ascent of a more direct route on the face in 1989, but this claim is considered suspect by many in the climbing community.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, after a failed attempt the previous year, a Russian team led by Alexander Odintsov succeeded in climbing the direct north face route through the headwall. This required big-wall aid techniques in a sustained, committing setting at over 7500m, a major achievement. However some in the climbing community were upset to learn that the Russians left a good deal of equipment on the wall, provoking a debate over what constitutes appropriate modern style on such a route. Despite the controversy, the team won the Piolet d&#39;Or for the ascent.</p><br>
<p>The lists over a dozen ascents of Jannu; there may be others that have not been written up in climbing literature.</p><br>
<p>Seeberg Saddle , also just Seeberg  is a high mountain pass connecting Bad Eisenkappel in the Austrian state of Carinthia with Jezersko in the Slovenian region of Carinthia. It is located in the Southern Limestone Alps, between the Karavanke range in the west and the Kamnik–Savinja Alps in the east.</p><br>
<p>The road across the pass is probably of Roman origin, leading from the Drava valley in the Noricum province towards the city of Aquileia. The border at the summit was implemented after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain. Today the Seeberg Highway (B 82) heads from the Austrian side up to the border crossing on the pass. Directly behind the Slovenian border station is an inn. On the Slovenian side, the state road No. 210 descends from the Seeberg down to Jezersko, offering a panoramic view of the Kamnik Alps.</p><br>
<p>Seeberg Saddle is also known as the Carinthian Seeberg to distinguish it from the Styrian Seeberg Pass in the Northern Limestone Alps.</p><br>
<p>Pine Creek is a tributary of Mahantango Creek in Schuylkill and Dauphin counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 23.7 mi long. The creek flows through Foster Township, Hegin Township, Hubley Township, and Upper Mahantango Township in Schuylkill County and Lykens Township in Dauphin County. The creek&#39;s watershed has an area of 76.8 square miles and its tributaries include Rausch Creek and Deep Creek. Pine Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by abandoned mine drainage and resource extraction. However, it is designated as a coldwater fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Pine Creek begins in southwestern Foster Township, Schuylkill County, near Interstate 81. The creek heads west-southwest into a valley, entering Hegin Township, where it passes through Dell Lake. Some distance downstream, the valley broadens significantly and the creek turns west. The creek continues west for many miles, flowing parallel to Good Spring Mountain. It passes by the community of Valley View and receives the tributary Rausch Creek and continues west, entering Hubley Township. In Hubley Township, the creek passes near the community of Sacramento. A few miles further on, it crosses Pennsylvania Route 25, passes through the community of Spring Glen, and begins meandering northwest, away from Good Spring Mountain. The creek receives the tributary Deep Creek there. Further downstream, Pine Creek leaves Schuylkill County.</p><br>
<p>Upon leaving Schuylkill County, Pine Creek enters Lykens Township, Dauphin County. Here, the creek flows west for a short distance before turning north. It then cuts through a ridge and re-enters Schuylkill County, this time in Upper Mahantango Township. A short distance downstream, the creek reaches its confluence with Mahantango Creek.</p><br>
<p>Pine Creek joins Mahantango Creek 17.16 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Tributaries of Pine Creek include Rausch Creek and Deep Creek. Rausch Creek joins Pine Creek 13.32 mi upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 9.55 square miles. Deep Creek reaches its confluence with Pine Creek 8.14 mi upstream of the latter creek&#39;s mouth. The watershed of this tributary has an area of 31.80 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology and metals</h2><br>
<p>Pine Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by abandoned mine drainage and resource extraction. Most of the creek is considered to be impaired, as is the entirety of the tributary Rausch Creek. One of Pine Creek&#39;s subtributaries in the Deep Creek sub-watershed is also impaired. The rest of the steams in the watershed are not considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired.</p><br>
<p>South of the community of Fountain, the daily load of aluminum in the waters of Pine Creek is 29.86 lb. At the Gap School Road bridge, the aluminum load is 109.64 lb per day and the daily load is 237.48 lb at the Schwenks Road bridge. At the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen, the daily load is 269.67 lb. At the end of State Route 4015, the daily load of aluminum is 531.36 lb and at the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, it is 380.03 lb.</p><br>
<p>South of the community of Fountain, the daily load of manganese in the waters of Pine Creek is 0.77 lb. At the Gap School Road bridge, the aluminum load is 8.57 lb per day and the daily load is 135.97 lb at the Schwenks Road bridge. At the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen, the daily load is 75.73 lb. At the end of State Route 4015, the daily load of aluminum is 79.30 lb and at the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, it is 54.53 lb.</p><br>
<p>South of the community of Fountain, the daily load of iron in the waters of Pine Creek is 4.26 lb. At the Gap School Road bridge, the aluminum load is 24.84 lb per day and the daily load is 114.58 lb at the Schwenks Road bridge. At the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen, the daily load is 110.90 lb. At the end of State Route 4015, the daily load of aluminum is 147.08 lb and at the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, it is 132.83 lb.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology, pH, acidity, and discharge</h2><br>
<p>South of the community of Fountain, the daily load of acidity in the waters of Pine Creek is 272.61 lb. At the Gap School Road bridge, the aluminum load is 1,045.61 lb per day and the daily load is 4,479.76 lb at the Schwenks Road bridge. At the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen, the daily load is 5,085.31 lb. At the end of State Route 4015, the daily load of aluminum is 10,250.18 lb and at the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, it is 9,801.75 lb.</p><br>
<p>The pH of Pine Creek south of the community of Fountain ranges from 6.2 to 7.1. The creek&#39;s pH ranges from 6.5 to 7 at the Gap School Road bridge and at the Schwenks Road bridge, the pH ranges from 6.65 to 6.9. The pH ranges between 6.2 and 6.9 at the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen and it ranges from 6.5 to 7 at the end of State Route 4015. At the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, the pH ranges between 6.3 and 6.9.</p><br>
<p>The discharge of Pine Creek south of the community of Fountain is 2364.5 gallons per minute. The creek&#39;s discharge is 8706.47 gallons per minute at the Gap School Road bridge and at the Schwenks Road bridge, the discharge is 18807.06 gallons per minute. It is 20099.86 gallons per minute at the Pennsylvania Route 25 bridge near the community of Spring Glen and is 42252.4 gallons per minute at the end of State Route 4015. At the Michaels Food Products Bridge in Klingerstown, the discharge is 48122.62 gallons per minute.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Pine Creek is 440 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 1,560 ft and 1,580 ft.</p><br>
<p>The watershed of Pine Creek is within the Anthracite Uplands section of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians physiological province.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of Pine Creek are located in Higgins Valley. This valley is situated between Mahantango Mountain and Broad Mountain. The tributary Deep Creek is also in Higgins Valley, being separated from Pine Creek by a low ridge within the valley. Pine Creek also flows through a water gap in Mahantango Mountain near its mouth.</p><br>
<p>The main rock types in the watershed of Pine Creek are interbedded sedimentary rock and sandstone. The soils in the watershed are well-drained and permeable. The Lykens Valley coal seam, which is part of the Pottsville Formation, is found in the watershed&#39;s southeastern portion. This is the only coal seam in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>The channel of Pine Creek is tortuous. The creek&#39;s bottom is rocky or sandy. Riffles and pools occur along it.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Pine Creek has an area of 76.8 square miles. The watershed is on the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute quadrangles of Klingerstown, Lykens, Minersville, Tower City, Tremont, and Valley View. The watershed of Pine Creek is situated in western Schuylkill County and northeastern Dauphin County.</p><br>
<p>The topography of the Pine Creek watershed is described as "rough and hilly" in a 1921 book.</p><br>
<p>The communities in the watershed of Pine Creek include Valley View, Hegins, Klingerstown, and Sacramento. In 1921, these communities had populations of 580, 400, 204, and 202, respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Underground mining of anthracite was being done in the watershed of Pine Creek by the middle of the nineteenth century. In the twenty-first century, there is one mining permit in the watershed. It belongs to the Pine Creek Coal Company.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the main industries in the watershed of Pine Creek were coal mines and agriculture. The creek was also used as water power for a number of mills.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Pine Creek is designated for use by aquatic life. It is also designated as a coldwater fishery.</p><br>
<p>There are few pine trees along Pine Creek, with groves of hemlock being present instead. Some of the hemlock tress along the creek have trunks that are over 3 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to canoe on at least 13.5 mi of Pine Creek during the winter, during snowmelts or soon after heavy rains. Edward Gertler describes the creek as a "diminutive novice run" in his book Keystone Canoeing. Gertler describes the scenery along the creek as "good". However, there are electric fences and deadfalls on it.</p><br>
<p>Ganesh Himāl  is a sub-range of the Himalayas located mostly in north-central Nepal, but some peaks lie on the border with Tibet. The Trisuli Gandaki valley on the east separates it from the Langtang Himal; the</p><br>
<p>Budhi (Buri) Gandaki valley and the Shyar Khola valley on the west separate it from the Sringi Himal and the Mansiri Himal (home of Manaslu, the nearest 8000m peak). The range lies about 70 km north-northwest of Kathmandu.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Yangra (Ganesh I), 7,422 m (24,350 ft). There are three other peaks over 7000 metres plus some fourteen others over 6000 metres. Ganesh Himal enjoys great vertical relief over nearby valleys, particularly Ganesh NW (see below), being closest to the Shyar Khola.</p><br>
<p>The name for the range comes from the Hindu deity Ganesha, usually depicted in the form of an elephant. In fact, the south face of Pabil (Ganesh IV) slightly resembles an elephant, with a ridge that is reminiscent of an elephant&#39;s trunk.</p><br>
<p>Names and elevations for this range differ from source to source; see the notes below the table. The least ambiguous way to refer to the different peaks would be "Ganesh NW", etc., but this is not the standard practice in the literature for this range.</p><br>
<p>First ascent of Ganesh I happened on October 6th, 1955. Summit group was conformed by famous guide Raymond Lambert, Pierre Vittoz, Eric Gauchar, all of them Swiss, and French Mme. Claude Kogan.</p><br>
<h2>Highest peaks</h2><br>
<p>Yangra  is the highest peak of the Ganesh Himal,</p><br>
<p>which is a subrange of the Himalayan mountain range. Although not an 8,000 metre peak, and little visited, it enjoys great vertical relief over the nearby valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Yangra, and the entire Ganesh Himal, lie between the Budhi Gandaki and Trisuli Gandaki valleys, northwest of Kathmandu. Yangra lies on the border between Nepal and Tibet, and is east-southeast of Manaslu, the nearest 8,000 metre peak.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The Ganesh Himal was first seriously reconnoitered for climbing by H. W. Tilman and party in 1950. The first attempt on the peak was in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent, in 1955, was by a Franco-Swiss expedition led by Raymond Lambert, via the Southeast Face and Ridge. The ascent was most notable for the presence of a woman, Claude Kogan, in the summit party, which was very rare at the time. Lambert, Kogan, and Eric Gauchat achieved the summit, but Gauchat fell to his death on the descent.</p><br>
<p>The lists no other ascents of Yangra,</p><br>
<p>although a 1960 attempt reached the East Peak of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Ganesh NW  is a peak of the Ganesh Himal, which is a subrange of the Himalayan range.</p><br>
<p>Ganesh NW, and the entire Ganesh Himal, lie between the Budhi Gandaki and Trisuli Gandaki valleys, about 70 km northwest of Kathmandu. Ganesh NW lies about seven km west of Yangra (Ganesh I).</p><br>
<p>Nomenclature for this peak is ambgiuous and confusing, and varies between sources. Many sources refer to this peak as Ganesh III, and also as Salasungo. However Salasungo more properly refers to a different peak in the Ganesh Himal, Ganesh SE or Ganesh III. The name Ganesh II is used on the Finnmap, the most recent authoritative source.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Although low in elevation among the major mountains of Nepal, Ganesh NW is exceptional in its steep rise above local terrain. For example, it rises 5800 m from the Burhi Gandaki in a horizontal distance of about 16 km.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>There were six unsuccessful attempts on this peak, including attempts in 1953 and 1954,</p><br>
<p>before two simultaneous first ascents in October 1981. The two successful teams were a German-Sherpa team (Hermann Warth, Ang Chappal, Nga Temba) on the North Ridge, and a Japanese-Sherpa group (N. Kuwahara, J. Nakamura, N. Hase, Tendi Sherpa, Kirke Sherpa) on the Northeast Spur. The two groups combined at 6,300 metres and finished on the North Face.</p><br>
<p>There have been two additional unsuccessful attempts since 1981, in 1988 and 1992, but no more ascents of the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>H. Adams Carter, "Classification of the Himalaya," American Alpine Journal 1985.</p><br>
<p>Jill Neate, High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks,</p><br>
<p>Loyalsock Creek is a 64 mi tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River located chiefly in Sullivan and Lycoming counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. As the crow flies, Lycoming County is about 130 mi northwest of Philadelphia and 165 mi east-northeast of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name is a corruption of a word in the language of the local indigenous peoples meaning "middle creek" (the original was something like Lawi-sahquick). This refers to Loyalsock Creek&#39;s location between Lycoming Creek and Muncy Creek, with the mouths of each about 6 mi up- and downstream of the mouth of the Loyalsock. Several important trails used by the local indigenous peoples ran along parts of the Loyalsock or crossed it. Two important villages of the local indigenous peoples were located on its banks, one of which, Ots-ton-wak-in, was the home to Madame Montour and her son Andrew Montour, and later became Montoursville.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Loyalsock Creek is 64.3 mi long. The source is in western Wyoming County near the Sullivan County line, and its confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River is at Montoursville. The area surrounding the confluence with the Susquehanna River has been flooded numerous times over the past decade, devastating many local homes and businesses.</p><br>
<p>Its main tributary is Little Loyalsock Creek, which has its confluence at Forksville in Sullivan County. The names of Forksville and the surrounding Forks Township come from the fork of the creek there.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania receives the most acid rain of any state in the United States. Because Loyalsock Creek is in a sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and coal mountain region, it has a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid. This makes it especially vulnerable to increased acidification from acid rain, which poses a long-term threat to the health of the plants and animals in the creek.</p><br>
<p>Loyalsock Creek is used for trout fishing and whitewater kayaking, and the Loyalsock Trail which runs along it is an opportunity for hiking. Worlds End State Park is located on the Loyalsock in Sullivan County, near Forksville. Pennsylvania Route 87 runs the length of the valley, following the north fork after Forksville.</p><br>
<h3>Floods</h3><br>
<p>The Loyalsock has flooded many times, including major floods in 1866, 1889, 1894 and 1936. The floods of 1972, 1975, 1996 and 2011 each set the record for discharge (flow of water) and stage/gauge (height of the river’s surface). Hurricanes/tropical storms are the primary cause of floods, including Lee (2011)), Ivan (2004), Agnes (1972), and Eloise (1975). The second biggest flood in January 1996 was due to high rain and major snow melt.</p><br>
<p>The record flood of September 8, 2011 was due to a convergence of rare events, which included moisture from three tropical cyclones:</p><br>
<p>The unusually heavy rains during the first four weeks of August.</p><br>
<p>Three to five inches of rain from Hurricane Irene on August 28.</p><br>
<p>The extreme rains far upstream (7+ inches) from remnants of Tropical Storm Lee.</p><br>
<p>The enhanced rainfall on September 7–8 due to a moisture plume from Hurricane Katia.</p><br>
<p>The Loyalsock valley is deep and narrow, and the 435 sq. miles of drainage funnel water into the narrow valley, resulting in catastrophic level rise. Millions of dollars and six lives were lost in the 1996 and 2011 floods.</p><br>
<h2>Haystacks</h2><br>
<p>The Haystacks are mounds of sandstone that outcrop in Loyalsock Creek south of Dushore in Sullivan County. Geologically, they are a bed of quartz sandstone with an undulating upper surface, and are part of the Mississippian-Devonian Upper Huntley Mountain Formation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Village of Otstonwakin</h3><br>
<p>Madame Montour&#39;s village of Otstonwakin or Ostuagy was a vitally important location during the settlement of what is now Lycoming County. Her village at the mouth of Loyalsock Creek on the West Branch Susquehanna River was an important stopping point for the Moravian missionaries who were spreading the gospel throughout the wilderness of Pennsylvania during the 1740s. Count Zinzendorf, a missionary being guided by Conrad Weiser with the permission of Shikellamy, came to Otstonwakin in 1742.</p><br>
<p>Madame Montour was known to be a friend of the British. She welcomed the white men who were beginning to migrate into the West Branch Susquehanna Valley. She also had a great amount of influence with the various Indian tribes that were feeling the pressure of colonial expansion. Madame Montour remained loyal to the British despite several attempts by the French to bring her over to their side. This was remarkable because the British colonial government sometimes went as long as a year without paying her for her services.</p><br>
<h3>Rail transportation</h3><br>
<p>Although lumbering was an important industry in the Loyalsock Creek watershed, railroads took little advantage of the creek valley below Forksville. One exception was the Susquehanna and Eagles Mere Railroad, which built down into Hillsgrove and along the creek as far as Ogdonia in 1902, before turning up Kettle Creek. It was removed in 1922. Above Forksville, the Williamsport and North Branch Railroad followed Mill Creek to reach the Loyalsock and followed it to a crossing at Ringdale. The line was built in 1893 and removed in 1938. About six miles (10 km) to the east, the town of Lopez is the largest settlement on the upper creek. Jennings Brothers Lumber Co. built a narrow-gauge logging line in the area in 1890, and another in 1891 up the creek into Wyoming County, to supply their sawmill at Lopez. In 1892, the Loyalsock Railroad crossed the creek here, building south to bring coal from the Bernice area southward to Harvey&#39;s Lake. It was promptly leased to the Lehigh Valley Railroad and became part of the Bowmans Creek Branch. At the same time, the Loyalsock Railroad also built a branch along the Loyalsock downstream from Lopez to Ellis Creek, where it turned south to reach a tannery at Thorndale. This branch was removed in 1898. However, Jennings Bros. continued to operate, standard-gauging their rail line about 1900 and building up the Loyalsock as far as Shumans Lake, where their line headed up Cold Run towards High Cobble and the Dutch Mountain area. The logging railroad was finally removed in 1905 when Jennings Bros. relocated to Maryland, but was partly resurrected in 1911. Stony Brook Lumber Co. used the old grade as far as Santee Run, then turned north towards Crane Swamp. This line was removed in 1916. Traffic gradually dwindled on the Lehigh Valley; their line south of Lopez was abandoned in 1939, and it was cut back to Bernice in 1944. Abandonment of the line to Lopez marked the end of rail traffic on the Loyalsock, except for the Reading Railroad crossing near its mouth at Montoursville. The bridge there is now owned by the Lycoming Valley Railroad. The original Reading bridge was destroyed by flooding from Tropical Storm Lee in 2011 and removed. Its replacement was opened for service on August 13, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Beccles bell tower is a free-standing Grade I listed edifice associated with the adjacent St. Michael&#39;s Church in the market town of Beccles, Suffolk, England.</p><br>
<p>It stands near the edge of a cliff overlooking the River Waveney, the bell tower rises an additional 97 ft and is thirty feet square (9m) at its base. It dominates the town as well as the surrounding countryside, much of which is comprised by The Broads National Park. Views of the Waveney, the North Sea on the eastern horizon, and the flat terrain of the broads extending south into Suffolk and, across the river, into nearby Norfolk, can be obtained by scaling the hundred steps to the top of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Construction started around 1500, under the direction of the monks of Bury St Edmunds Abbey, the important pilgrimage destination in the nearby town of Bury St. Edmunds. Like the main body of St. Michael&#39;s church, the tower is Perpendicular Gothic in style. The tower is supported by deep foundations, very thick walls faced with Roche Abbey stone (so called because of its use in the now-ruined abbey near Maltby, South Yorkshire), and huge buttresses; there is a neweled staircase at each corner of the tower.</p><br>
<p>It is customary for bell towers (also called campanile) to be built at the western end of a church, the end opposite the altar. However, the site at Beccles, near the edge of a cliff, and the enormous weight of the proposed tower, approximately three thousand tons, dictated that the tower be built to the east of the church as a free-standing structure. Local historians believe that the tower was originally intended to have a steeple and spire but after forty years of construction, the Protestant Reformation during the reign of King Henry VIII (and the suppression of Roman Catholic institutions) intervened to bring work to a halt.</p><br>
<p>Great skill and care is evident in the tower&#39;s construction, particularly in the tracery and the ornamental niches and panels of the stonework. The tower entrance is similar to the south porch (portico) of the church; it features the coats of arms of local families who contributed substantially to the project. These families include the Garneys, the Redes and the Bowes.</p><br>
<p>The interior of St. Michael&#39;s was badly damaged by fire in 1586, but the tower was unaffected.</p><br>
<p>Early in the 18th century, two clock faces were affixed to the north and south sides of the tower, and, a century later, another was added to the east side and all three were raised to a slightly higher level. At present the clock is run by electricity and controlled by computer, allowing the twice-yearly change between Greenwich Mean Time and British Summer Time to be made quickly. The tower bells sound on each quarter-hour and ring out the time on the hour, stopping at 8.00pm to allow town residents some peace and quiet during the night.</p><br>
<p>Originally there was a ring of eight bells, but this was replaced, in 1762, by Lester & Packe of Whitechapel Bell Foundry, London, with a ring of ten bells. In 1909 all ten bells were completely restored by Taylors Eayre & Smith Ltd (Loughborough) and re-hung on a new steel frame. The ringing chamber is on the second level of the tower, and the belfry is on the fourth.</p><br>
<p>One of the most historically significant events associated with this church and bell tower is the wedding, in 1749, of Catherine Suckling and the Reverend Edmund Nelson, the parents of England&#39;s seafaring hero, Horatio Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Sears Island, known as Wassumkeag or shining beach by the indigenous Wabanaki tribes of northern New England, is located off the coast of Searsport in Waldo County, Maine at the top of Penobscot Bay.</p><br>
<p>The island is the largest undeveloped, uninhabited, causeway-accessible island on the eastern coast of the United States. It is 940 acre in area. It is part of the Town of Searsport.</p><br>
<h2>History and geography</h2><br>
<p>It was named after David Sears of Boston after he agreed to grant a large sum of money towards founding of Searsport. Sears Island is state-owned land, but is part of the town of Searsport. It used to be known as Brigadier&#39;s Island.</p><br>
<p>A causeway was built approximately 20 years ago upon what had been a tidal bar. At high tide Sears Island was a true island, and at low tide the exposed gravel bar allowed for easy access. Locals would drive over at low tide, always careful to return in time, lest they would have to wade or swim and leave the car stranded until the next tide. Several generations ago there were farms on the island. Only stone cellar holes and a few small fields remain today.</p><br>
<p>Sears Island acts as a great element barrier for one of the most well-protected harbors in the state of Maine, Stockton Harbor, an attractive anchorage both for the protection it offers, and its convenience to upper Penobscot Bay towns Searsport, Belfast and Castine. Bar Harbor is about an hour car ride east, and both Camden and Bangor are about a half-hour south and north, respectively. Sears Island also has views of Cape Jellison.</p><br>
<p>It is home to a number of species of birds, mammals, fish, amphibians and plant life. The shallow shoal off the west side of the island supports meadows of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and other nursery habitats and features that play an important role in the fish and shellfish populations of greater Penobscot Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental controversies</h2><br>
<p>The possible industrial development of the island has been a point of controversy for many years. Writer E. B. White, a resident of nearby Brooklin, Maine, noted in a 1975 essay for the New Yorker that he had attended an evening forum about a Central Maine Power Company proposal to construct a nuclear power plant on Sears Island. White reported to New Yorker readers that the Central Maine Power Company "feels very good about nuclear generating plants, is not worried about radiation or accidents." In response to a goat farmer, their spokesman acknowledged radioactive "iodine can contaminate milk... ut he was cheerful about the prospect. You would simply put the animals on a controlled diet, he said, and after about forty days the radioactivity would be gone." Facing local opposition, the plant was not built.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1980s, successive Maine governors have promoted development of the island as a general cargo port (Joseph Brennan, John McKernan), a wood-chip port (Angus King), an LNG terminal (John Baldacci, 1st term), and an intermodal freight transport hub for global container ship traffic (Baldacci&#39;s 2nd term). In response, the Sierra Club of New England waged a seven-year struggle in federal courts in the mid-1980s and early 1990s to keep Sears Island free of development. Key cases included:,, and</p><br>
<p>A three-year-long consensus-driven effort by Maine Department of Transportation (MDOT) and its Sears Island Joint Use Planning Committee culminated on January 22, 2009 in the signing by Maine transportation commissioner David Cole of a perpetual conservation easement granting control of 600 acre of the island, while leaving the remaining 340 acre of the island open to port development.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 2009 however, a Rockland, Maine environmental activist and separately residents of Augusta and of Searport, sued asking the Maine Superior Court "to rescind the Jan. 22, 2009 conservation easement until the MDOT has fully complied with the requirements of the Maine Sensible Transportation Policy Act and the Maine Site Location of Development Law." On September 8, 2010, Maine Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Hjelm dismissed all three cases as premature, concluding that the current lack of port development, and lack of any interest in port development by the Plaintifs made the injury theoretical and impossible to evaluate: the Plaintiffs as yet lacked demonstrable standing to sue. On May 3, 2011, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the judge&#39;s decision.</p><br>
<p>Many Penobscot Bay area environmentalists and tourism-based businesses have expressed environmental and aesthetic concerns about further industrializing this portion of the coast.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Visitors can drive out to the end of the causeway, and despite the presence of a road traveling down the center of the island to the southern tip, they may not actually drive on the island itself, as it is blocked off by large concrete blocks and fencing. Visitors however, may walk, hike, bike, and explore the island, by the road — approximately1 mi long — which has views of Penobscot Bay, Cape Rosier/Castine, and Islesboro Island), and by the many walking trails that zig-zag their way around the island. Beaches surround the perimeter of the island.</p><br>
<p>Zhob River  is located in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The total length of the Zhob River is 410 km, and it flows on a generally northeasterly course.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In the Pashto language, Zhob means "oozing water". Linguistically the name is Irano-Aryan in origin and compares etymologically to those of the Little Zab and Great Zab rivers in the Tigris Basin.</p><br>
<p>The Yavyāvati River of the Rigveda may refer to the Zhob River.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Zhob River originates in the Kan Metarzai range (Tsari Mehtarazai Pass). It passes about 4 km west of the city of Zhob. As a tributary of the Gomal River, which it joins near Khajuri Kach, it forms a part of the Indus River Basin.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>The Zhob River is used to irrigate the land in northern Balochistan along with the Gomal River, making the fertile soil available for agriculture. Although in the 1960s and 1970s degradation of the channel of the Zhob decreased the irrigable acreage.</p><br>
<p>Takht-e-Sulaiman , or Throne of Solomon, is a peak of the Sulaiman Mountains, located near the village of Darazinda in Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It is close to Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan&#39;s borders with both South Waziristan and Zhob, Balochistan. At 3,487 m, it is the highest peak in Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan and the greater Shirani region. Ibn Battuta named Takht-e-Sulaiman as Kōh-e Sulaymān, "Mount of Solomon".</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>A legend, recorded by the medieval Maghrebi explorer Ibn Battuta, has it that Prophet Solomon climbed this mountain and looked out over the land of South Asia, which was then covered with darkness, but he turned back without descending into this new frontier, and left only the mountain which is named after him.</p><br>
<p>Another legend says that Qais Abdur Rashid, said to be the legendary ancestor of Pashtun people, is buried on top of Takht-e-Sulaiman, which gives the peak the local Pashto name of Da Kasī Ghar (د کسي غر, "Mount of Qais").</p><br>
<p>Little Muncy Creek is the major tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. Via Muncy Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River, it is part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin and waters from it flow ultimately into the Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Little Muncy Creek has its source in Davidson Township in Sullivan County, then flows south in Jordan Township in Lycoming County. It then flows west into Franklin Township and the village of Lairdsville, running parallel to Pennsylvania Route 118 here. Further west it enters Moreland Township and passes the village of Opp, before entering Muncy Creek Township, where it flows into Muncy Creek just west of the village of Clarkstown. Other streams feeding Little Muncy Creek include Marsh Run, Beaver Run, Laurel Run, Big Run, German Run, and Little Indian Run.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The Little Muncy Creek watershed has a total area of 82 mi² (212.4 km²) and a total population of 3,735 (as of 2000). Approximately 87.4% of the Little Muncy Creek watershed is in Lycoming County, 5.7% is in Columbia County, 5.3% is in Sullivan County, and 1.5% is in Montour County. Of that area, 48 mi² (124.3 km²) are forested and 34 mi² (88.1 km²) are given to agricultural uses.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks House in Dedham, Massachusetts is an historic house built between 1637 and 1641 making it the oldest surviving timber-frame house in North America that has been verified by dendrochronology testing. Puritan settler Jonathan Fairebanke constructed the farm house for his wife Grace  and their family. The house was occupied and then passed down through eight generations of the family until the early 20th century. Over several centuries the original portion was expanded as architectural styles changed and the family grew.</p><br>
<p>Today the Fairbanks house is owned and operated by the Fairbanks Family in America, a member-based non-profit organization, as a historic house museum. The Family Association has preserved, studied and interpreted their ancestral home and its collections for over 90 years. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in several stages; the center portion of the present house is oldest, with a gable-roofed portion at the center. It was once a lobby-entry, hall-parlor house of two stories with a center chimney bay. The lean-to was added later, contrary to the note on the first floor plan (see image on left).</p><br>
<p>The oldest section of the house was completed by at least 1641, based on dendrochronology of several beams in the house. The summer beam has been dated to 1637, and other wall boards and beams were dated to 1638, 1640 and 1641. Other American houses claiming to be older have yet to be scientifically dated, and the Fairbanks House is almost universally regarded as the oldest house in New England.</p><br>
<p>Exterior walls were covered with wide oak clapboards at the front, narrower oak on the west gable end, and narrow cedar on the rear. The front door was originally located to the west side of the chimney-bay, while the rear door is still located at the west end of the north wall. Original front windows included wide banks on each floor and small windows lighting the chimney bay. A well-preserved four-light window survives in the east gable end, but the north and east ends of the house apparently had no windows.</p><br>
<p>A lean-to was later added at the back of the house and, perhaps in 1641, a wing on the east side. The west wing was added around 1654. The east wing was probably added circa late 18th century, assembled from two earlier buildings elsewhere. A chimney was then built for it; later its roof rafters were raised and reused in a new gambrel roof. The next major change was the expansion of the parlor to the east, under a hip roof, and the addition of the small entry to this expanded space, probably around 1800. A new wing was added to the west side of the house, including two rooms. The last addition to the house, completed by 1881, was a privy added behind the west wing.</p><br>
<p>Hex signs were carved into the mantle by early inhabitants to protect the house from fire and witches. Shoes have also been found in the attic and behind the chimney, and are presumed to have been placed there to prevent evil spirits from entering the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jonathan Fairebanke (Fairbank, Fairbanks) came from Heptonstall in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Boston, Massachusetts, in the year 1633, and in 1636/37 acquired land and settled in Dedham, Massachusetts, where he built the house on his farm land. The house is likely the oldest dwelling house in New England and the oldest house continuously owned by the builder and his lineal descendants. Since the original purchase, the estate has never had a mortgage incumbrance upon it. The house museum is now a well-known Dedham attraction.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Early historians claimed that the Fairbanks House was built in 1636 although more recent historians now believe the earliest part of the house was built between 1637 and 1641. One skeptic of the 1636 date points out that the house was framed with massive oak timber, and that there is no historical evidence of anyone erecting a framed dwelling house in Dedham as early as 1636. According to some family traditions, however, the frame of the main part of the house, together with the bricks and tiles and windows, were imported from England, and remained in Boston for several months before being carried to Dedham. In 2001, dendrochronological testing by the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory confirmed that the timbers from the earliest section of the house were felled between 1637 and 1641.</p><br>
<p>The house was not built as it stands at one time, or in one year, although it is certain that Jonathan owned a house situated on the same lot by 1648. Subsequently, perhaps as late as 1654, a large addition, called the new house, was made to the original building, and was purportedly built for the occupation of his son John after his marriage. The current roof was put on during this period and has been dated to 1652–1654 using dendrochronology. Later additions to the house occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>"It may be said quite simply that no other house of the mid-17th century in New England has survived in such unbelievably unspoiled condition. It is also extraordinary that so early a structure should preserve such a high percentage of original features. It is a veritable storehouse of information concerning the small handful of houses which survive from this early period."</p><br>
<p>—Abbot Lowell Cummings, Professor Emeritus, American Art, Yale University</p><br>
<h3>Sale and conversion to a museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, the great-great-great-granddaughter of Jonathan and Grace Fairbanks, Nancy Fairbanks, died without a husband or children and left the house to her niece, Rebecca Fairbanks. Rebecca moved in, but moved back out again for a short period of time when lightning struck the house and killed her dog. Her worsening financial situation led her to sell the house to local realtor John Crowley in 1895, but she was allowed to continue living there. She also sold a number of family heirlooms, including a wooden chest made in 1658 by John Houghton. The item was purchased by the family again at auction in 2003, and now splits its time between the Fairbanks House and the Dedham Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 Crowley was going to tear down the house to develop the two acre lot, but appeal in the Boston Transcript led to it being purchased by Mrs. J. Amory Codman and her daughter Martha. The Codmans allowed Rebecca to remain in the house until 1904, when the newly established Fairbanks Family in America took it over and turned it into a museum in 1905. The curators camped in a tent outside the house until 1912, when a new house was purchased from the Sears and Roebuck Catalog and erected next door.</p><br>
<h3>1900s</h3><br>
<p>Each year the Fairbanks family hosts a reunion at the house. In 1907, sitting Vice President of the United States Charles W. Fairbanks attended.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Bicycle Club often stopped at the house during their two-day "Wheel Around the Hub" tours through Bostons suburbs. On the occasion of their 40th anniversary in 1916, they planted a tree on the grounds. In 1926, 15 years after the death of club co-founder and "father of American bicycling" Frank W. Weston, it was discovered that his ashes were still being stored at the undertakers. The members of the club rallied and, on a Friday afternoon in September, consecrated his remains to the ground under their anniversary tree.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, a 17-year-old Dedhamite was driving and missed the turn onto East Street. His car ended up in the east wing of the house, prompting a stone wall to be erected. The wall prevented another car from hitting the house in 1973. A group of arsonists tried to burn the house down on July 4, 1967. Powderpost beetles were exterminated from the house in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Penobscot Marine Museum in Searsport, Maine, United States, is Maines oldest maritime museum and is designed to preserve and educate people regarding Maines and Searsport&#39;s rich and unique maritime and shipbuilding history. It was founded in 1936, and is located at 5 Church Street in the center of Searsport.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The museum campus is composed of two sections. The original heart of the campus is located on both sides of Church Street, and between Church and Reservoir Streets, just north of Main Street (United States Route 1). In addition to these buildings, the museum has expanded into three attached buildings on the north side of Main Street west of Knox Bros. Street.</p><br>
<p>Designed as a unique 19th century seafaring village, the museum encompasses thirteen historic and modern buildings, houses a modern exhibit gallery features annual shows and is home to a regionally important library and archives focused on maritime history and regional genealogy. Eight of the museum&#39;s buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, five as part of a listing dedicated to the museum, and three as part of the Searsport Historic District. Among the collections is a significant photographic archives that includes glass plate negatives documenting life in New England and New York from 1909 and 1947 taken by the Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Company. The photographs are being digitized and made available online for research and access.</p><br>
<h2>Campus buildings</h2><br>
<p>Admission Center</p><br>
<p>Main Street Gallery</p><br>
<p>Savage Education Center</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church of Searsport (active church on museum campus)</p><br>
<p>Captain Jeremiah Merithew House (mid-19th century sea captain&#39;s home)</p><br>
<p>Old Vestry</p><br>
<p>Douglas and Margaret Carver Memorial Gallery</p><br>
<p>Stephen Phillips Memorial Library</p><br>
<p>Old Town Hall (1845)</p><br>
<p>Duncan House</p><br>
<p>Duncan Boat Barn</p><br>
<p>Boat House</p><br>
<p>Yard in the Yard</p><br>
<p>Ross Carriage Barn</p><br>
<p>Fowler-True-Ross Barn</p><br>
<p>Fowler-True-Ross House (19th century)</p><br>
<p>Callendar House is a mansion set within the grounds of Callendar Park in Falkirk, central Scotland. During the 19th century, it was redesigned and extended in the style of a French Renaissance château fused with elements of Scottish baronial architecture. However, the core of the building is a 14th-century tower house.</p><br>
<p>During its 600-year history, Callendar House has played host to many prominent historical figures, including Mary, Queen of Scots, Oliver Cromwell, Bonnie Prince Charlie and Queen Victoria. The current building is by far the most substantial historical building in the area, with a 300 ft frontage. It is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house lies on the line of the 2nd-century Antonine Wall, built by the Romans from the Firth of Clyde to the Firth of Forth. In the 12th century Thanes Hall or Thane House, located to the east of the present house, was one of the seats of the Callander family who were Thanes of Callander. In the fourteenth century the 5th Thane Sir Patrick Callander, supported the claim of Edward Balliol to the throne of Scotland. Sir Patrick Callander was later attainted and his estates were forfeited.</p><br>
<h3>Livingston family</h3><br>
<p>In 1345 the Callendar lands were granted by King David II to Sir William Livingston, who was married to Christian Callander, daughter of Sir Patrick. Sir William Livingston had fought with David II at the Battle of Durham in 1346. The Livingston family became prominent in Scottish affairs over the following centuries. Sir Alexander Livingston was Regent of Scotland during the minority of James II in the 1440s. Alexander, 5th Lord Livingston (c. 1500–1553) was guardian of Mary, Queen of Scots, during her childhood. The marriage agreement between Mary and the French Dauphin was signed at Callendar House. Lord Livingston&#39;s daughter Mary was maid of honour to Queen Mary. Alexander Livingston, 1st Earl of Linlithgow (d. 1621) and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll, were entrusted by King James VI & I with the upbringing and education of his daughter Princess Elizabeth.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Livingston family were raised to the peerage as Earl of Linlithgow (1600), Earl of Callendar (1641), and Earl of Newburgh (1660). They played an important part in the history of the area, but their hold on the lands came to an abrupt end in the 18th century when James Livingston, 5th Earl of Linlithgow and 4th Earl of Callander, was forced into exile abroad because he had sided with the "Old Pretender", son of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) in the Jacobite Rising of 1715. The Callendar estates were forfeited and purchased by the York Buildings Company, who leased the house back to the earls daughter, Lady Anne Livingston, from 1724. Lady Anne gave hospitality to Bonnie Prince Charlie before the Battle of Falkirk in 1746, but after his defeat at Culloden, Lady Annes husband, the Earl of Kilmarnock, was beheaded for treason. After Lady Anne&#39;s death in 1747, her son James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll (1726–1778), remained at Callendar House until his death.</p><br>
<h3>Forbes family</h3><br>
<p>In 1783 the estate went to auction after the York Buildings Company was forced to sell its assets. Lord Errol bid for the estate, but was outbid by an Aberdeen coppersmith William Forbes (1756–1823), a businessman who specialised in contracts to supply the Royal Navy. William Forbes bought the house and estate for £100,000,though it was rumoured at the time that the timber alone on the estate was worth double that. Forbes made significant alterations to the house, and his son and grandson further altered the building by adding French-château-style roofs. James Craig prepared drawings in 1785, though it is not certain these were carried out. In 1827 a scheme of internal alterations was undertaken, to designs by David Hamilton. Forbes&#39; descendants kept the house for almost 200 years, after which it fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>When construction of the Union Canal was proposed, William Forbes objected to it passing through his estate, in view of Callendar House. This necessitated building a 696 yd tunnel through Prospect Hill to the west.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1963 Callendar House was purchased along with some of the parkland by Falkirk Burgh Council. Since 2011 Callendar House has been administered through Falkirk Community Trust. The majority of the estate is still owned by the family company Callendar Estate, which remains the largest landowner in Falkirk.</p><br>
<h2>21st century</h2><br>
<p>In July 2011, Falkirk Community Trust assumed responsibility for the management and operation of Callendar House.</p><br>
<p>Callendar House was voted Favourite Visitor Attraction by Forth2. Around 28,000 visitors came to Callendar House in 2006, up over 50% on the previous year. This may be in connection with the recent local attraction, The Falkirk Wheel, whose visitor numbers doubled during the same period.</p><br>
<h3>Museum</h3><br>
<p>Callendar House is being developed as a major heritage centre. The house interiors have since been restored to their former Georgian style glory. It is the principal museum in Falkirk district, as an art, history, and historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It has two magnificent reception rooms, the Pink Room (the Drawing Room) and the Green Room (the Morning Room), as well as a fully working Georgian period kitchen, dominated by a huge open fire, offering visitors the opportunity to step back into a world that has now gone. Staff in period costumes give insights into working conditions in the house over the centuries and prepare the same food that was enjoyed at the grand social occasions that once took place there.</p><br>
<p>Permanent exhibitions include "William Forbes&#39; Falkirk" and "The Antonine Wall". The other galleries show around seven different exhibitions a year from all around the world.</p><br>
<p>There is also a history research centre, where all of Falkirk&#39;s historical archives are kept, housed in the Victorian oak-panelled library.</p><br>
<h3>Park</h3><br>
<p>The grounds of the house contain a pitch and putt course, crazy golf, a children&#39;s adventure playground (with the largest slide in Scotland), a boating lake and the Antonine Wall. There is also a contemporary art gallery, the Park Gallery, which has been relocated into Callendar House itself. Callendar Estate extends to 500 acre and is open for walks through the woodland and also home to the Forbes family mausoleum, a large domed circular Grecian-Doric building which contains the remains of many of the Forbeses.</p><br>
<p>Various events are held in the grounds throughout the year, including the annual firework display, which is regularly attended by over 70,000 people, as well as the national street arts festival, Big in Falkirk, the largest round of the Scottish Cyclocross Series and the Scottish National Cross Country Championships. Behind the house lies Callander Wood, which contains a number of pre-determined paths popular with ramblers and dog walkers.</p><br>
<p>The Traisen is a river in Lower Austria.</p><br>
<p>The Traisen is formed from the rivers Rechte Traisen and Unrechte Traisen. It is a tributary of the Danube in the Lower Austrian region of Mostviertel. Its two sources begin near St. Aegyd am Neuwalde and Türnitz respectively. After meeting, they flow through the municipalities of Türnitz, Lilienfeld, Traisen, Wilhelmsburg, and St. Pölten, before meeting the Danube at Traismauer. In the course of building the Danube Factory Altenwörth, the mouth of the Traisen was relocated to Altenwörth in the municipality of Kirchberg am Wagram.</p><br>
<p>During a period of extremely high water in July 1997, parts of numerous municipalities along the Traisen, as well as the government quarter of the state capital St. Pölten, were greatly flooded.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Antónia is Santiago&#39;s tallest mountain located in the central part of the island in Cape Verde. The mountain is part of the protected area Parque Natural de Rui Vaz e Serra de Pico de Antónia  which includes other features as the Órgãos and Montes Tchota and Xexê. The mountain is entirely of volcanic origin. The towns Picos and Assomada lie close to the mountain. The area around the peak has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>The mountain range forms a part of the municipalities of São Salvador do Mundo, São Lourenço dos Órgãos and Ribeira Grande de Santiago.</p><br>
<p>North of the summit is a stream named after peak, the Ribeira de Pico da Antónia, next to the settlement of Pico da Antónia and the Praia-Assomada-Tarrafal Route (EN1-ST01), it flows into the ocean as Ribeira Seca.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Its geology consists of the Pico da Antónia formation consisting of calcarenothorizonite rocks, it was formed between 3.3 and 2.3 million years ago during the Piacenzian and the Gelasian periods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Ice Age from 15000 to 10000 BC, the elevation was above 1,500 meters, around 5000 BC, it mounted above 1,400 meters.</p><br>
<p>Along with the island, the peak was first sighted by explorer António da Noli in 1460 and is considered the first land mass known to the world map of the Europeans.The area to the east of the range was first settled sometime around the start of the 16th century when settlers and mostly slaves started to pour into the area. At the time, the peak area were forested with trees and shrubs, around the 17th century, most of the east of the area were mainly deforested. The peak were depicted in several pictures that were viewed from Praia and paintings especially of the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. At the start of the 21st century, most of the east of the area have been reforested.</p><br>
<h2>Panoramics</h2><br>
<p>It is the place on the island where panoramics are offered including many parts of the island other than many areas north of Serra da Malagueta. In the uppermost areas, the views of nearby islands can be seen including Maio to the east, Fogo to the west and rarely Boa Vista to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Drammensfjord  is a fjord in Norway that connects to Ytre Oslofjord on the west side. It stretches to the north and northeast. The Drammenselva river discharges into the head of the fjord. The municipality and city of Drammen which is named after the fjord is also found there.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the fjord is within the county of Buskerud, but in the west and southwest it lies in Vestfold county. The land on the east side of the fjord is called Hurumhalvøya or the Hurum peninsula; it separates the Drammensfjord from the Oslofjord.</p><br>
<p>The fjord narrows to a strait at Svelvik in Vestfold on the west side and Verket in Hurum on the east side. The strait is crossed by an automobile ferry. This narrowing, some 200 meters broad and 10 meters deep, combined with the large freshwater inflow from the Drammenselva (one of Norway&#39;s largest rivers) and from Lierelva (river), results in the water north of the strait being brackish water. On the surface the water is fairly fresh, resulting in bathing areas that are free of jelly fish, while deeper the water has a higher salt concentration, with saltwater fish such as cod, pollock, flounder, and mackerel. Dead coral reefs are also found at 10–20 meters deep in the fjord. The maximum depth of the fjord northwards of the strait is 117 meters.</p><br>
<p>For a number of decades the Drammensfjord was polluted. The sewage and industrial discharges by industries in Drammen have been corrected so that the water is now much cleaner. Salmon and sea trout are again found in both the fjord and the Drammenselva.</p><br>
<p>In old Norse times the Drammensfjord was known by the name Dramn or Drofn, meaning hazy waters. In the Norse sagas Snorre Sturlason tells that Saint Olav hid himself from Canute the Great at a fjord which was called Dramn. At that time the water stood 4-5 meters higher and the fjord reached up to Hokksund. During the Viking Age, Drammensfjorden north of the Svelvik Strait was regarded as a lake and the Svelvik Strait was regarded as the mouth of the Drammen River.</p><br>
<p>Gyala Peri  is a peak just beyond the eastern end of the Himalayas at the entrance to Tsangpo gorge. It is part of Nyenchen Tanglha Shan, although it is sometimes included in Namcha Barwa Himal of the Himalayas.</p><br>
<p>Gyala Peri lies just north of the Great Bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, the main river of southeastern Tibet, which becomes the Brahmaputra in India. It is 22 km NNW of the higher Namcha Barwa.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Gyala Peri has great vertical relief above the Tsangpo gorge and is the highest peak of the Nyenchen Tanglha Shan.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Gyala Peri was in 1986, by a Japanese expedition, via the South Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The group spent about one and one-half months on the mountain. The U.K. Alpine Club&#39;s Himalayan Index lists no other ascents.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Other sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Langesundsfjord , also known as the Breviksfjord , is a stretch of fjord from northern Skagerrak, between the islands of Sandøya, Bjørkøya and Siktesøya in Porsgrunn municipality and the mainland of Bamble municipality, in Telemark county in the southeastern part of Norway.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The fjord stretches from the strait Langesund until Brevik, where it separates into the Frierfjord and the Eidangerfjord. In the mediaeval period the fjord was named Grenmar, after the grener people who lived here and mar which was Old Norse for sea. Later, well into the 1700s, the entire stretch from Langesund gap and up to Skien was referred to as Langesundsfjord.</p><br>
<p>Langesundsfjorden is especially noted for the discovery of fluorescent minerals. Many of the minerals found here are relatively rare. Commercial quarrying for decorative stone started in the late 1880s. In 1881, Diderik Cappelen (1856-1935), first found Cappelenite in Langesundsfjorden. Cappelenite, which he discovered in small veins within Nepheline syenite pegmatite, is a rare yttrium-barium borosilicate. It is found in the form of greenish-brown hexagonal crystals.</p><br>
<p>Brevik Bridge is a bridge over the mouth of the Frierfjord that connects the municipalities of Bamble and Porsgrunn. On the West side of Bamble lies Stathelle, while on the East side lies Brevik in Porsgrunn. Brevik tunnel (Brevikstunnelen) on Highway 354 (old E18) goes through the hill in Brevik and connects the Brevik bridge with the rest of the way north.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of Brevik Bridge</h2><br>
<p>Hjørundfjorden is a fjord in the traditional district of Sunnmøre in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located mostly within Ørsta Municipality, although part of the mouth of the fjord is in Sykkylven Municipality. The 35 km long fjord is an arm off of the larger Storfjorden that stretches south from Ålesund Municipality. Villages along the shores of the fjord include Bjørke, Leira, Viddal, Sæbø, and Store Standal.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the Hjørundfjorden was part of the municipality of Hjørundfjord from 1838 until 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Hjørundfjorden is surrounded by the Sunnmørsalpene mountain range in Ørsta and Sykkylven, with mountain peaks reaching 1,700 m straight up from the fjord, including Skårasalen and Jakta. Both sides of the fjord are heavily wooded, the result of the extensive rainfall on one of the world&#39;s wettest fjords.</p><br>
<p>Romsdalsfjord or Romsdal Fjord  is the ninth-longest fjord in Norway. It is 88 km long and located in the Romsdal district of Møre og Romsdal county. It flows through the municipalities of Midsund, Haram, Vestnes, Molde, Nesset, and Rauma. The deepest point in the fjord is just southwest of the town of Molde, where it is 550 m deep. Romsdalsfjord is a treshold-fjord as it is separated from the ocean by shallower areas  at the mouth. Several islands and skerries also shelters the wide central fjord from the Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>The western inlet of the fjord is generally considered to be between the island of Dryna (in Midsund Municipality) and the village of Brattvåg (in Haram Municipality). A second inlet is to the north, through the Julsundet strait, bound by the island of Otrøya to the west and Molde Municipality to the east.</p><br>
<p>The fjord branches off to the minor Tresfjorden and Tomrefjorden to the south, while the main body continues an east-west bound direction. The fjord then forks into three main branches: Moldefjorden (which flows into the Fannefjord) runs past the city of Molde north of the Molde Archipelago; Langfjorden, the longer arm of the fjord, with its branches Karlsøyfjorden, Rødvenfjorden, and the picturesque Eresfjorden, in the middle; and finally the southern arm past the town of Åndalsnes, terminating in Isfjorden.</p><br>
<p>From Eastern Norway, the fjord can be reached through the Gudbrandsdalen at Lesja, down the Romsdal valley to Åndalsnes. This is also the terminus of the Rauma Line.</p><br>
<p>Veøya&mdash;the holy island&mdash;is located at a junction between the three main branches of the fjord. This island was the foremost medieval trading center between Trondheim and Bergen. The Medieval Church of St. Peter (Old Veøy Church), from the late 12th century, is now a museum, but still hosts occasional services.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Larsen, the main character in Jack Londons novel The Sea-Wolf&#39; claims that he was born in the vicinity of Romsdalsfjord.</p><br>
<p>Major inflows of freshwater include the Rauma River and Eira River. Unlike many other fjords, Romsdalsfjord has several islands: Molde Archipelago, Otrøya, Midøya, Sekken and Veøya. Salinity is slightly lower at the surface, just below 3 %. Observations around 1930 showed salinity close to 3.5 % and stable temperatures just over 7°C in the deep parts. Heavy, oxygene-rich water from Atlantic typically flow over treshold in April-June and sink to deepest part where old water is displaced.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Romsdalsfjord was an important transport corridor before the highway that is now the European route E136 between Åndalsnes and Ålesund was completed in 1946. Molde town is connected to the south shore by large ferries to Vestnes dock, this is the fifth busiest ferry crossing in Norway, several vessels run shuttles across the 11 km wide fjord. The car ferry Sølsnes-Åfarnes has operated since 1931. There are no bridges across the main fjord, except the shorter Bolsøy Bridge (to Bolsøy island) and the Tresfjord Bridge across the small Tresfjord branch. Fannefjord Tunnel connects Molde to Bolsøya island. Until 1946 Åndalsnes and the Rauma Line terminus was connected to Molde and Ålesund by boat.</p><br>
<p>The first cruise ships carrying tourists arrived at Veblungsnes in 1880. The tourism industry boomed when the Rauma Line began operations in 1924 and Trollstigen road opened in 1936.</p><br>
<p>After the German invasion of Norway on April 9, 1940, Romsdalsfjorden was initially not controlled by German forces. UK forces arrived along Romsdalsfjord and landed at Åndalsnes, then retreated along the fjord two weeks later during heavy fighting.</p><br>
<p>The Kunya  is a river in Kunyinsky, Velikoluksky, and Loknyansky Districts of Pskov Oblast, Toropetsky District of Tver Oblast, and Kholmsky District of Novgorod Oblast in Russia. It is a major right tributary of the Lovat River. It is 258 km long, and the area of its basin 5,143 km&sup2;. The town of Kholm is located in the mouth of the Kunya. The principal tributaries of the Kunya are the Oka, the Serezha, the Maly Tuder, and the Bolshoy Tuder .</p><br>
<p>The source of the Kunya is in Lake Vsteselovo in the central part of Kunyinsky District, in the southeast of Pskov Oblast. It flows out of the lake in the southern direction and gradually makes a U-turn and turns north. Some stretches of the Kunya make the border between Kunyinsky and Velikoluksky Districts, and, more to the north, between Velikoluksky District and Tver Oblast. North of the village of Chaltsevo, the border between the oblasts turns west, and the Kunya continues north and enters Toropetsky District of Tver Oblast. The Kunya accepts the Serezha from the right and a short stretch of it forms the border between Pskov and Tver Oblasts again. North of this stretch, at the triple point, the Kunya enters Novgorod Oblast and turns northeast. The mouth of the Kunya is located in the town of Kholm.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Kunya includes areas around the triple point of Novgorod, Tver, and Pskov Oblasts: the northern part of Kunyinsky District, the northwestern part of Velikoluksky District, the southern part of Kholmsky District, as well as much of Toropetsky and Andreapolsky Districts. The urban-type settlement of Kunya lies within the drainage basin of the Kunya, but not on the banks of the river.</p><br>
<p>Sittanavasal Cave  is a 2nd-century Jain complex of caves in Sittanavasal village in Pudukottai district of Tamil Nadu, India. Its name is a distorted form of Sit-tan-na-va-yil, a Tamil word which means "the abode of great saints" .</p><br>
<p>The monument is a rock-cut monastery or temple. Created by Jains, it is called the Arivar Koil, and is a rock cut cave temple of the Arihants. It contains remnants of notable frescoes from the 7th century. The murals have been painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in black, green, yellow, orange, blue, and white. Paintings have been created by applying colours over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.</p><br>
<p>Ancient structures such as Gol Gumbaz, Talagirishvara temple and this one are claimed to be relatively unappreciated.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the Sittanavasal village is dated from 1st century BC to 10th century AD when Jainism flourished here, the Temple-cave was initially dated to Pallava King Mahendravarman I (580–630 AD) prior to his conversion from Jainism to Hinduism as a Shaivite. However, an inscription attributes its renovation to a Pandyan king probably Maran Sendan (654–670 AD) or Arikesari Maravarman (670–700 AD). The Jain beds on the hill top is attributed to the Jain era pilgrimage centre which lasted till the 9th century AD. However, in the Pudukkottai region, where the monuments are located, there are many archaeological finds of the megalithic burial sites from much earlier.</p><br>
<p>There are two publications in the 20th century which brought to light these monuments in particular: one in 1916, in the book "General History of the Pudukkottai State" by S. Radhakrishna Iyer, a historian, but only known regionally; and the other by Jouveau-Dubreuil and Gopinatha Rao, iconographers who worked together and brought out a "Monograph on Sittannavasal", in 1920, which brought it to limelight among archaeologists worldwide. The cleaning of the painting was undertaken in 1942 by Dr. S. Paramasivan and K. R. Srinivasan when they observed a patch of old painting of conventional carpet design superimposed by a new layer of painting. The superimposed layer of painting has been surmised as that done Ilan-Gautaman, whose name is also inscribed. The temple is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India as a ticketed monument.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Sittanavasal is a rock-cut cave, situated on the western side of central part of a hill, which runs in a north-south direction. The hill measures approximately 70 m in height, and sits above the surrounding plain which has some archaeological monuments. The Jain natural caverns, called Ezhadippattam are approached from the foothills. The cave is approached by climbing a few 100 steps.</p><br>
<p>The architectural features of the Sittanvasal Cave include the painting and sculptures found within its precincts. Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the maintenance of the cave and the Jain beds.</p><br>
<p>The paintings have been painted in fresco-secco technique with many mineral colours. The painting depict beautiful lotus pond with lotus flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, geese, buffaloes and elephants. Mulk Raj Anand said of the paintings, "Pallava craftsmen used greens and browns and puqiles, with a genuine ability and a lyrical flow of line. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under a bluish sheen." In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen. The ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century. The cave temple has simple pillars and sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras. However, most of the frescoes which were covered fully in plaster have been severely defaced or not clearly visible due to inadequate security and maintenance resulting in vandalism in the past five or six decades. Originally, the entire cave temple, including the sculptures, was covered with plaster and painted. The paintings are with theme of Jain Samavasarana, the "most attractive heavenly pavilion" (it means the attainment of nirvana), and Khatika bhumi.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the west facing cave is the same as adopted in other rock-cut cave temples in the country during the 7th Century. As originally built, it had only a garbha-griha (sanctum sanctorum) and an ardhamandapam (semi hall). However, the mukha-mandapa (front hall) was an addition made in the frontage built during the Pandya Rule, which collapsed. Subsequently, a pillared veranda with a facade was added in front of the cave during the 20th century; the Maharaja of Pudukkottai added this part of structure at the suggestion of Tottenham, the British administrator. It has two pillars and two pilasters and a square base entrance to a hexagonal portico, which were brought from the ruins of mantapas at Kudimiyanmalai.</p><br>
<p>The Ardhamantapam, after the front entrance, is rectangular in plan of 20.5 m long, 2.28 m wide and 2.5 m high, and the cubical cell of2.89 m width, (a little higher than the garbha-griha) with a facade which has two pillars and two pilasters at both ends. The pillars as well as pilasters are hexagonal in shape in the middle section while the top and bottom sections are square. Rock beam is sculpted above them as if supporting them; provided with large corbels (potikai in Tamil) with ornamentation or fluting, with an intervening plain band. The pillars which support this mandapam are typical of Mahendra-order. The entry into the garbha-griha is flanked by two niches, which also have smaller size pilasters, similar to the pillar design, with bold relief of lotus medallions carved on them. In the southern and northern sides of the ardhamantapam, niches are provided where the 23rd tirthankara Parsvanatha and a Jain acharya (teacher) are respectively carved in bas-relief. Parsvanatha is shown seated in "the dhyana (meditative) pose, cross-legged, with the hands placed one over the other, palms upwards, resting on the folded legs", a five-hooded serpent sheltering his head. An inscription on a pillar to the niche reads kaditan ("ruler of the world"), indicating Parsvanatha&#39;s divinity. The acharya is in a similar posture as Parsvanatha but with an umbrella over his head. The inscription below this niche reads Tiruvasiriyan ("great teacher").</p><br>
<p>A door way of 5.5 ft height and 2.5 ft width from the ardhamantapa leads to the sanctum sanctorum (through a flight of steps), which has three bas-relief sculptures. The entrance has surul-vyalis (balustrades sculptured with the mythical form of vyalis with twisted trunks). The sanctum sanctorum has a square plan of 2.89 ft wide and height of 7.5 ft, and at the back wall there are three bas-reliefs, two are of Jain Tirthankaras (as evidenced by the triple umbrellas (chatris) over them) and the third relief is of an acharya (teacher). The ceiling of the garbha-griha which is painted shows a carved wheel with hub and axle that denotes the Dharma-chakra ("Wheel-of-the-Law"). Above the three images in Lotus position (seated posture), paintings are also seen which are surmised to represent a canopy which is carved with carpet designs with striped borders and squares and circles of different sizes with louts flower designs inscribed within the squares. The circles depict crosses with bulbous ends; the horizontal arm of the cross has depictions of human and lion figures. In the other areas, the ceiling has similar paintings as the lotus pond in the ardhamantapam. Plastered walls of the Sittanavasal Cave have varying thickness of 1 -. The pigmentation used for the paintings is over 1000 years old. Echo effect is clearly heard, if "om" is recited, only if inaudibly, in the small shrine.</p><br>
<h2>Paintings</h2><br>
<p>The decorative paintings in the ceiling of the sanctum and ardha-mandapam of Aravirkovil though compared to the classical cave painting styles used in the Ajanta Caves but have minor variations in use of the materials for creating the paintings and also reported to provide a link between the Ajanta paintings (4th–6th century AD) and the Chola paintings of 11th century at Thanjavur. The ceilings have depiction of a lotus tank with natural looking images of men, animals, flowers, birds and fishes representing the Samavasarana faith of Jainism. The pillars are also carved with dancing girl and the king and the queen.</p><br>
<p>Paintings in the roof of the Ardhamnatapa are the mural paintings with Samavasarana theme. The mural exhibits a water tank or khatika-bhumi which is shown with the tank made of tiles filled with lotus flowers and surrounded by bhavyas ("the faithful"), elephants, fishes, one fish shown as jumping out of water, pillars with figurines of Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha (9th century AD) and his queen offering reverence to Ilam Gautaman, an acharya of Madura who created these paintings. While cleaning the paintings, one more layer of Samavasarana themed painting was revealed in the ceiling of the Garbha-griha, but in a carpet-design.</p><br>
<p>The study done by an artist on the depictions of the roof painting panel reveals: 3 birds, a man in loin cloth plucking flowers and the man is shown with a lily on right hand and lotuses on left hand, an elephant and fishes swimming, bird’s eye on the top left corner.</p><br>
<p>Though severely damaged due to vandalism, remaining Frescoes have been preserved on the top parts of columns and ceilings inside the temple. Many of them are typical of the 9th century Pandyan period and include detailed pictures of elephants, buffaloes, fish, geese, Jains gathering lotuses from a pond and dancing girls. These frescoes are considered to be some of the best frescoes of medieval India next to frescoes of Ajanta Caves and Bagh Caves.</p><br>
<p>Painting of the Sittanvasal Caves were analysed to establish the technique and the material used to make the. Analysing a painting of a lotus pond in the ardhamantpam, it has been inferred that they are made with Fresco-secco, techniques made over rough stone using rough plaster of 2.5 mm thickness made of lime mortar and sand with minor impurities, applying 0.5 mm thick lime wash of fine lime water when the rough lime plaster is still rough. The pigments used are composed of white made from lime, black made from wood charcoal or lamp black, yellow from yellow ochre, red from red ochre, blue from ultramarine\lapis lazuli, and green from terre verte. Pigments of permanent mineral colours (not vegetable colours as reported on the display plaque at the site by ASI) were applied over dry plaster surfaces without any adhesive grove; the process involved a chemical reaction of lime water which absorbed oxygenin the air and getting converted by a carbonisation process into insoluble calcium carbonate, which enabled the pigments to adhere to the surface. At the initiative of Pudukkottai State, during 1937–39, the paintings were cleaned, and then given a preservative coating. Also, the damaged portions of the plastering were injected with cementing material and the paintings were also retouched.</p><br>
<p>The condition of paintings are deteriorating.</p><br>
<p>The Augrabies Falls is a waterfall on the Orange River, South Africa, within the Augrabies Falls National Park. The falls are around 183 ft in height. Some sources cite an approximate height of 480 feet; this is actually the height from the base of the canyon to the top of the walls, not that of the falls themselves.</p><br>
<p>The falls have recorded 7,800 m&sup3; of water every second in floods in 1988 (and 6,800 m&sup3; in the floods of 2006). This is over three times the average high season flow rate of Niagara Falls of 2,400 m&sup3; per second, more than four times Niagaras annual average, and greater than Niagaras all-time record of 6,800 m&sup3; per second.</p><br>
<p>The gorge at the Augrabies Falls is 240 m deep and 18 km long, and is an impressive example of granite erosion.</p><br>
<p>Tromsøya  is a small island in the Tromsøysundet strait between the mainland and Kvaløya island in Tromsø municipality, Troms county, Norway. It contains the city centre of Tromsø and several residential areas. The 22.8 km&sup2; island has a population  of 36,088, which gives the city a population density of 1,583 PD/km2.</p><br>
<p>Tromsø Airport is situated on the western side of the island. Prestvannet lake is located in the middle of the island and the lake and the area around it is now a nature reserve area. The island is connected to Tromsdalen on the mainland to the east by the Tromsø Bridge and Tromsøysund Tunnel and it is connected to the village of Kvaløysletta on Kvaløya island to the west by the Sandnessund Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The University of Tromsø, University Hospital of North Norway and Tromsø Museum are all located on the eastern part of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken Tennis Club is a private court tennis club located at 146 Newberry Street, SW in Aiken, South Carolina. It includes the Court Tennis Building. The club was incorporated in 1898 with the sponsorship of financier and founder of the prominent Whitney family, William C. Whitney. The building was constructed around 1902, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 27, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken Tennis Club is the world&#39;s most equatorial court tennis (also known as "real tennis") venue, and one of only two American courts south of the Mason-Dixon line (the other is the International Tennis Club of Washington).</p><br>
<p>Former world champions that have played on the court include Northrup R. Knox, G.H. "Pete" Bostwick, Jr., Jordan Toole, Jimmy Bostwick, Wayne Davies, and Robert Fahey. Aiken was the court that current world champion Camden Riviere grew up playing on.The most notable competition to be played at Aiken was the world championship challenger match between Ruaraidh Gunn and Camden Riviere on March 8, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Compton Bay is a bay located on the southwest section of the Isle of Wight, England. The northern edge of the bay is defined by a distinctive white chalk cliff called Freshwater Cliff, named after Freshwater Bay which is located next to them and forms a small cove, with the village of Freshwater situated just behind it. The eastern edge of the bay is formed from soft red and orange cretaceous rocks that are rapidly eroding.</p><br>
<p>Due to the lack of grazing on the cliffs above the bay, the native chalk ecosystem has thrived. Atop the cliffs, the Island&#39;s county flower, the pyramidal orchid, can be encountered, while the rare Glanville fritillary butterfly also lives in large numbers that are supported by the native flowers. Other hardy plants such as common gorse bushes and wild cabbage can also be found.</p><br>
<p>The bay is popular with wave and kite surfers due to the reliable and consistent waves that form when the prevailing south-westerly wind is blowing onshore. The beach is gently shelving and consists mostly of sand. The public facilities at the car park are owned by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>There are dinosaur footprints visible in Compton Bay when the tide is low this is one of the best areas to see the dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. Fossil hunters can often be seen during the summer months searching for such finds. At high tide the sea covers the beach almost completely.</p><br>
<p>The Isle of Wight Coastal Path runs along the cliff edge for the entire extent of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Afton Down Obelisk</h2><br>
<p>Atop Afton Down, roughly halfway between Brook and Freshwater Bay, a small obelisk can be found overlooking the bay. It is inscribed with a memorial to a resident of one of the nearby villages who fell from the cliff to his death in 1846. This obelisk was Grade II listed in 1994.</p><br>
<p>"E.L.M. Aged 15 He cometh forth like a flower and is cut down. He fleeth also as a shadow and continueth not. Erected in remembrance of a most dear and only child who was suddenly removed into eternity by a fall from the adjacent cliff on the rocks below. 28th August 1846.</p><br>
<p>Each side of the obelisk is inscribed with biblical passages in relation to the afterlife.</p><br>
<h2>Surfing</h2><br>
<p>Compton Bay is the Isle of wight&#39;s most famous surf spot, With a choice of a rocky reef break or a slightly tamer but heavier sandbar break to choose from Compton Bay is the Island surfers spot of choice, Compton Bay has proved to be a valuable playground over the years to some of the Island&#39;s best surfers such as Johnny Fryer, Joe Trueman, Dave Gray, Ray Hutchings, Alan Reed, Dylan Gray and Zoe Sheath</p><br>
<p>Tuttle Creek Lake is a reservoir on the Big Blue River 5 miles  north of Manhattan, in the Flint Hills region of northeast Kansas. It was built and is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers for the purpose of flood control.</p><br>
<p>The lake is bordered by Tuttle Creek State Park, which features 1,200 acre of recreational areas, including nature trails, camping sites, and an artificial beach. The state park also hosts the Country Stampede Music Festival every summer.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The border between Riley County (on the west) and Pottawatomie County (on the east) is submerged underneath the lake. The dam is roughly two miles north of Manhattan, Kansas, and is crossed by Kansas Highway 13. Near the river delta at the lakes northern end, a bridge carrying Kansas Highway 16 spans the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of Tuttle Creek Dam as a Corps of Engineers project was given impetus by the Great Flood of 1951, which inundated downtown Manhattan. Nevertheless, the project met with heavy opposition from landowners whose land faced flooding. Residents of the Blue Valley organized opposition under the phrase "Let&#39;s quit this dam foolishness," and the campaign led to victory for Democrat Howard Shultz Miller in the USA House of Representatives in 1952. Although the opposition was heated, it failed to ultimately stop the dam.</p><br>
<p>When the lake began filling up in 1962, it affected ten towns and entirely submerged four of them (from north to south): Cleburne at 39&deg;31&prime;49&Prime;N latitude, 96&deg;38&prime;6&Prime;W longitude, Randolph, Garrison Cross and Stockdale. The only town to rebuild elsewhere was Randolph, where the streets are named after the submerged towns. The remnants of "Old Randolph", as it&#39;s known locally, can still be seen partially submerged to this day.</p><br>
<p>The value of the dam was proven during the Great Flood of 1993, when floodwaters reaching up to 63 feet (19 m) above normal were held back. However, when the dam reached capacity in July 1993, it necessitated the first release of the spillway. All 18 gates on the spillway were raised 4 feet (1.2 m) during the peak of the flood, producing a flow rate of 60,000 cubic feet per second (1,700 m³/s). The roar of the water was audible half a mile (800 m) away and some people in nearby Manhattan reported hearing the noise. After three weeks the gates were closed, revealing a 20 ft deep canyon that had been carved in the earth of the spillway channel. The exposed rock is 290 million years old. Locally, this area is known as "The Canyon" and is a popular fossil-hunting area.</p><br>
<h2>Earthquake threat</h2><br>
<p>Although Kansas is not widely known as seismically active, the Humboldt fault line associated with the Nemaha Ridge passes through eastern Kansas, and probably the most active region on the line is in the general vicinity of the lake. Studies that began in the 1980s showed that the geology of the area could potentially produce an earthquake capable of causing the dam to fail, which could risk the lives of thousands downstream in the Blue River and Kansas River valleys.</p><br>
<p>To address this threat, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a project in July 2010 that reinforced the dam with more than 350 concrete walls to stop channels in the underlying karst, and equipped it with warning sensors.</p><br>
<p>Adams Island was an island in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Adams Island was originally part of Tuckernuck Island. During the 1890s, the westernmost part of Tuckernuck extended almost to Muskeget Island and served as a barrier beach, protecting the Gravel Islands, western Dry Shoal, and Little Gull Island.</p><br>
<p>The island came into existence in 1902, when the Haulover Nor&#39;easter severed it from Tuckernuck. Another island, Tombolo, was also created. In 1907, Adams almost attached itself to Muskeget, but failed to do so because the sea formed a narrow deep channel separating Adams from Muskeget.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, Adams&#39; length was shortened due to a tropical storm and an autumn nor&#39;easter. By 1920, Adams was less than four hundred meters long. A little less than ten meters of it remained in 1950, and by 1980 it was gone.</p><br>
<h2>Adams Island Day</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, a group of Nantucket residents, self-designated as Adamites, held a small celebration in honor of the former island. The first Adams Island Celebration was characterized by a nihilist/absurdist spirit emphasizing the short existence of the island and downplaying its disappearance. The celebration has taken place in some form each year since 1983, and although it rarely falls on the same day as in the previous year, it is known each year to Adamites as Adams Island Day.</p><br>
<p>By boat, one can easily access Tuckernuck from Madeket on the island of Nantucket.</p><br>
